the like of which

rōstrum, i, n. [rodo], the bill or beak of a bird; the snout, muzzle, mouth of animals (cf. proboscis).

Lit.:

cibum arripere aduncitate rostrorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 122:

aves corneo proceroque rostro,

id. ib. 1, 36, 101; Liv. 41, 13; Ov. M. 2, 376; 5, 545; 6, 673 et saep. al.:

arietes tortis cornibus pronis ad rostrum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 4;

of goats,

id. ib. 2, 3, 2;

of swine,

Cic. Div. 1, [p. 1601] 13, 23; 2, 21, 48; Ov. M. 8, 371; 10, 713; 14, 282;

of dogs,

id. ib. 1, 536; 3, 249;

of wolves,

Plin. 28, 10, 44, § 157;

of stags,

id. 8, 32, 50, § 112;

of a dolphin,

id. 9, 8, 7, § 20;

of tortoises,

id. 9, 10, 12, § 37;

of bees,

id. 11, 10, 10, § 21 et saep.—

In familiar or contemptuous lang., like our muzzle, snout, of persons, Lucil. ap. Fest. s. v. squarrosi, p. 329 Müll.; Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 13; Lucil., Nov., and Varr. ap. Non. 455, 10 sq.; Petr. 75, 10; so,

too, of human statues,

Dig. 19, 1, 17 fin. —

Transf.

In gen., of objects having a similar shape, the curved point of a vine-dresser's billhook, Col. 4, 25, 1;

of a plough,

Plin. 18, 18, 48, § 171;

of hammers,

id. 34, 14, 41, § 144;

of lamps,

id. 28, 11, 46, § 163;

of an island,

id. 10, 33, 49, § 137.—

Esp. freq., the curved end of a ship ' s prow, a ship ' s beak; sing.:

neque his (navibus) nostrae rostro nocere poterant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; so id. ib. 3, 14; id. B. C. 2, 6; Liv. 28, 30; 37, 30; Verg. A. 10, 157; 301:

navis, cui argenteum aut aureum rostrum est,

Sen. Ep. 76, 13; Ov. M. 4, 705 al. — Plur., Auct. B. Alex. 44, 3;

46, 2.—Sometimes of a triple form: convolsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor,

Verg. A. 5, 143; cf. Val. Fl. 1, 688:

rostrum trifidum,

Sil. 6, 358.—Hence,

Rostra, the Rostra, a stage or platform for speakers in the Forum, so called from being adorned with the beaks of ships taken from the Antians A.U.C. 416, Liv. 8, 14; Varr. L. L. 5, § 155 Müll.; Plin. 34, 5, 11, § 20; Ascon. Mil. p. 43 Orell.; cf. Becker, Antiq. I. p. 279 sq. and p. 290; and, in gen., the place from which the assembled people were addressed, the orator ' s pulpit, or platform:

ut semper in rostris curiam, in senatu populum defenderim,

Cic. Pis. 3, 7:

ut in rostris prius quam in senatu litterae recitarentur,

Liv. 27, 50 fin.:

in rostra escendere,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 80; Liv. 30, 17:

descendere ad rostra,

Suet. Vit. 15:

procedere in rostra,

Plin. Pan. 65, 3:

cum Vettius descendisset de rostris,

Cic. Vatin. 11, 26; cf.:

aliquem de rostris deducere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 21:

rem a subselliis ad rostra detulit,

Cic. Clu. 40, 111:

caput Sulpicii erectum et ostentatum pro rostris,

Vell. 2, 19, 1; cf.:

aliquem defunctum laudare e more pro rostris (v. pro, II. 2.),

Suet. Caes. 6; so,

pro rostris,

id. ib. 17; 20; 79; 84; id. Aug. 100; id. Tib. 6; id. Calig. 10; id. Claud. 22; id. Ner. 47; Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 15, 3; Tac. A. 3, 5; 76; 4, 12; 5, 1;

for which: laudavit ipse apud rostra formam ejus,

id. ib. 16, 6:

frigidus a rostris manat per compita rumor,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 50.— Sing.:

tenere rostrum,

Luc. 1, 275:

rostrum forumque optare,

id. 7, 65.— Poet.:

campumque et rostra movebat,

i. e. the assembled people, Luc. 8, 685.

sancĭo, xi, ctum, 4 ( pluperf. sancierat, Pompon. ap. Diom. p. 368 P.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 904 ib.:

sancivi,

Prisc. 904; Diom. 368; part. perf. sancitum, Lucr. 1, 587; Cass. Sev. ap. Diom. l. l.), v. a. [Sanscr. root sac, sak, to accompany, honor (cf. sequor); whence also sacer; cf. Gr. HaG, hagios, hagnos], to render sacred or inviolable by a religious act; to appoint as sacred or inviolable.

Lit., mostly of legal ordinances or other public proceedings, to fix unalterably; to establish, appoint, decree, ordain; also, to make irrevocable or unalterable; to enact, confirm, ratify, sanction (freq. and class.; cf.: caveo, scisco).

Sancire legem (jus, foedus, etc.):

legibus istis, quas senatus de ambitu sancire voluerit, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 18, 44:

Cretum leges, quas sive Juppiter sive Minos sanxit,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; cf.:

quasdam leges ex integro sanxit,

Suet. Aug. 34; and:

sancire legem, Ne quis, etc.,

Liv. 3, 55:

tabulas Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 24:

quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam,

id. S. 1, 3, 67:

legem sanciendo,

Liv. 3, 55 et saep.— Pass.:

haec igitur lex sanciatur, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 12, 40, and 13, 44; cf.:

M. Valerius consul de provocatione legem tulit diligentius sanctam,

Liv. 10, 9:

sacrosanctum esse nihil potest, nisi quod populus plebesve sanxisset,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

sanxisset jura nobis,

id. Rep. 3, 11, 18: jus utile civitati, Pompon. ap. Prisc. p. 904:

in quibus (legibus) illa eadem sancta sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

cum aut morte tuā sancienda sint consulum imperia, aut impunitate in perpetuum abroganda,

Liv. 8, 7:

SENTENTIAM,

Inscr. Orell. 4405:

foedus,

to ratify the treaty, Liv. 1, 24; so Cic. Sest. 10, 24:

foedera sanguine,

id. post Red. ad Quir. 5, 13; Liv. 23, 8 fin.; 25, 16; Tac. A. 12, 46; cf. poet.:

foedera fulmine,

Verg. A. 12, 200.—

Sancire lege (edicto, etc.) aliquid, de aliquā re, ut, ne, etc.:

alia moribus confirmarunt, sanxerunt autem alia legibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 2; cf.:

genus id agrorum certo capite legis confirmari atque sanciri,

id. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

quod aedilis plebis fuisset, contra quam sanctum legibus erat,

Liv. 30, 19:

ne res efferatur jurejurando ac fide sanciatur petunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 2; cf. Liv. 39, 37:

neque enim rogationibus plebisve scitis sancta sunt ista praecepta,

Quint. 2, 13, 6:

coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem civitatum,

Tac. Agr. 27:

eadem fuit (causa) nihil de hac re lege sanciendi,

Liv. 34, 4:

nihil lege ullā in alios sanxit,

Just. 3, 2, 8:

de jure praediorum sanctum apud nos est jure civili, ut, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 65:

inhumanissimā lege sanxerunt, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 37, 63; cf.:

habeat legibus sanctum, Si quis...uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20:

lege naturae, communi jure gentium sanctum est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Har. Resp. 14, 32:

primo duodecim tabulis sanctum, ne quis, etc.,

Tac. A. 6, 16:

Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 28, 67:

in omne tempus gravi documento sancirent, ne, etc.,

Liv. 28, 19:

nec, quominus id postea liceret, ulla lex sanxit,

Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 5, 3.—

Without abl.:

de quibus confirmandis et sanciendis legem comitiis centuriatis laturus est,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 17; cf.:

acta Caesaris,

id. Att. 14, 21, 2:

quae dubia sunt, per vos sancire vult,

id. Agr. 3 4, 13:

augurem Jovis optimi maximi,

id. Phil. 13, 5, 12:

cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70:

quid est, quod tam accurate tamque diligenter caveat et sanciat, ut heredes sui, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 101.—

With acc. and inf.:

rursus fide sanxerunt liberos Tarentinos leges suaque omnia habituros,

Liv. 25, 8:

omnes liberos esse sanxit,

Suet. Claud. 25.—

Lex sancit, decrees, ordains (with acc. or obj.-clause):

at hoc Valeria lex non dicit, Corneliae leges non sanciunt,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 8:

consularis lex sanxit, ne qui magistratus sine provocatione crearetur,

id. Rep. 2, 31, 54; cf.:

res et ab naturā profectas et ab consuetudine probatas, legum metus et religio sanxit,

id. Inv. 2, 53, 160.—

Poet., with relative-clause:

quid quaeque queant, per foedera naturaï, Quid porro nequeant, sancitum quandoquidem exstat,

Lucr. 1, 587. —

To render sacred to any one, to devote, consecrate, dedicate:

sancire alicui carmina,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 215; cf. id. Th. 11, 344: templum, Coripp. 4, 264.—

Transf., to forbid under pain of punishment, to enact a penalty against (very rare):

incestum pontifices supplicio sanciunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf.:

noxiae poena par esto, ut in suo vitio quisque plectatur: vis capite, avaritia multa, honoris cupiditas ignominiā sanciatur,

id. ib. 3, 20, 46; id. Planc. 19, 47:

hoc (sc. insidiae) quamquam video neque more turpe haberi, neque aut lege sanciri aut jure civili: tamen naturae lege sanctum est,

id. Off. 3, 17, 69:

erranti viam non monstrare, quod Athenis exsecrationibus publicis sanctum est,

id. ib. 3, 13, 55:

Solon capite sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterius utrius partis fuisset,

made it a capital offence, id. Att. 10, 1, 2.—With abl. of fine:

injurias factas quinque et viginti assibus sanxerunt,

Gell. 20, 1, 31.—Hence, sanc-tus, a, um, P. a.

Orig., rendered sacred, established as inviolable, i. e. sacred, inviolable (whereas sacer signifies consecrated to a deity. Thus, e. g., a temple, grove, or the like, is sacer locus;

but sanctus locus is any public place which it is forbidden to injure or disturb. A sacer locus is also sanctus, but the converse is not always true): proprie dicimus sancta, quae neque sacra neque profana sunt, sed sanctione quādam confirmata, ut leges sanctae sunt, quia sanctione quādam sunt subnixae. Quod enim sanctione quādam subnixum est, id sanctum est, etsi deo non sit consecratum,

Dig. 1, 8, 9:

sanctum est, quod ab injuriā hominum defensum atque munitum est...In municipiis quoque muros esse sanctos,

ib. 1, 8, 8; cf.:

sanctae res, veluti muri et portae,

ib. 1, 8, 1:

campus,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

tribuni ejus (plebis) essent sanctique sunto,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 9 (cf. sacrosanctus):

societas,

id. Off. 1, 8, 26; id. Rep. 1, 32, 49:

fides induciarum,

Liv. 8, 37:

nullum esse officium, nullum jus tam sanctum atque integrum, quod non ejus scelus atque perfidia violarit et imminuerit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 109; so,

officium,

id. Quint. 6, 26:

poëtae...poëtae nomen,

id. Arch. 8, 18 sq. —Hence, aerarium sanctius, a special treasure of the State, which was only to be used in cases of extreme necessity (v. aerarium).—Of persons:

hospites ab injuriā prohibent sanctosque habent,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

ut vestris etiam legionibus sanctus essem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 60:

uxor,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 30.—Because to the idea of inviolability is readily attached that of exalted worth, of sacredness, or divinity (as, on the contrary, our word sacred afterward received the meaning of inviolable, e. g. sacred rights, a sacred promise, sacred honor, etc.), sanctus denotes,

Venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one: Saturno sancte create, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 607 Vahl.): Juno Saturnia sancta dearum, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 576 (Ann. v. 65 ib.): teque pater Tiberine (veneror) tuo cum flumine sancto, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 55 ib.):

numen,

Lucr. 5, 309; 6, 70:

sedes deum,

id. 5, 147; Cic. Rep. 5, 5, 7:

fana,

Lucr. 5, 74:

delubra,

id. 6, 417; 6, 1272:

sanctus augustusque fons,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 36:

sanctior dies (with sollemnis),

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

ignes (of a sacrifice),

Verg. A. 3, 406 et saep.—

After Augustus,

a title given to the emperors, Ov. F. 2, 127; Val. Fl. 1, 11:

sanctius et reverentius est visum nomen Augusti,

Flor. 4, 12, 66:

intra limina sanctioris aulae,

Mart. 5, 6, 8 (al. aevi):

amicitiae sanctum et venerabile nomen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 8, 15:

libertas,

Liv. 3, 52:

pudicitia,

id. 3, 52.—

Of character, morally pure, good, innocent, pious, holy, just, etc. (freq. and class.): cum esset ille vir exemplum innocentiae, cumque illo nemo neque integrior esset in civitate neque sanctior, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 229; cf.:

sanctissimi viri,

id. Lael. 11, 39:

homines frugalissimi, sanctissimi,

id. Fl. 29, 71:

sancti et religiosi,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44; cf.:

qui sunt sancti, qui religionum colentes,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

vir in publicis religionibus foederum sanctus et diligens,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 49: veteres et sancti viri, Sall. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 9:

sanctius consilium,

Liv. 30, 16; cf.:

jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum,

Verg. A. 1, 426:

da (mihi) justo sanctoque videri,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 61:

Dareus ut erat sanctus et mitis,

Curt. 3, 8, 5:

amores,

pure, chaste, Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf.:

virgines,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 27:

sanctissima conjux,

Verg. A. 11, 158:

pudor,

Tib. 1, 3, 83:

mores (with pudicitia),

Juv. 10, 298 et saep.:

me quidem id multo magis movet, quod mihi est et sanctius antiquius,

Cic. Att. 12, 19, 4:

quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducatur?

id. Rosc. Com. 2, 6; cf.:

est et sancta et gravis oratio (Calvi),

Quint. 10, 1, 115; so comp.:

oratio,

id. 8, 3, 24:

genus orationis,

id. 4, 2, 125:

eloquentia,

Tac. Or. 4:

manus sanctas habere,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8:

sanctissima disciplina (Stoicorum),

Gell. 1, 2, 7; cf. Lucr. 3, 371. —

In eccl. Lat., substt.

sanctus, i, m., a saint, holy man:

sancti tui,

Vulg. 2 Par. 6, 41:

omnes sancti ejus,

id. Psa. 30, 24. —

sanctum, i, n., a holy place; esp.:

sanctum sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 26, 34 et saep.:

in sancto habitas,

id. Psa. 21, 4.—Also in plur.:

sancta sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 40, 11 et saep.: violare sancta, id. Judith, 9, 11. — Adv.: sanctē (acc. to B.), solemnly, conscientiously, scrupulously, religiously, with holy awe, etc.:

jurare,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112; Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 4:

adjurare,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 27; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 26:

nimis sancte pius,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 8; cf.:

pie sancteque colimus naturam excellentem,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

auguste sancteque consecrare,

id. ib. 2, 24, 62:

disce verecundo sanctius ore loqui,

Mart. 8, 1, 2:

multa sunt severius scripta quam in antiquis legibus et sanctius,

Cic. Rab. Post. 4, 8:

se sanctissime gerere,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4, § 13:

te sancte precor,

Liv. 2, 10:

illae (tabulae) servantur sancte,

scrupulously, religiously, Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 7; cf.:

me ea, quae tibi promitto ac recipio, sanctissime esse observaturum,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 5:

virgines tam sancte habuit,

Curt. 3, 12, 21:

exempla conservatae sanctissime utrobique opinionis,

Quint. 1, 2, 4:

apud Sallustium dicta sancte et antique,

purely, chastely, id. 8, 3, 44.

sancĭo, xi, ctum, 4 ( pluperf. sancierat, Pompon. ap. Diom. p. 368 P.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 904 ib.:

sancivi,

Prisc. 904; Diom. 368; part. perf. sancitum, Lucr. 1, 587; Cass. Sev. ap. Diom. l. l.), v. a. [Sanscr. root sac, sak, to accompany, honor (cf. sequor); whence also sacer; cf. Gr. HaG, hagios, hagnos], to render sacred or inviolable by a religious act; to appoint as sacred or inviolable.

Lit., mostly of legal ordinances or other public proceedings, to fix unalterably; to establish, appoint, decree, ordain; also, to make irrevocable or unalterable; to enact, confirm, ratify, sanction (freq. and class.; cf.: caveo, scisco).

Sancire legem (jus, foedus, etc.):

legibus istis, quas senatus de ambitu sancire voluerit, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 18, 44:

Cretum leges, quas sive Juppiter sive Minos sanxit,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; cf.:

quasdam leges ex integro sanxit,

Suet. Aug. 34; and:

sancire legem, Ne quis, etc.,

Liv. 3, 55:

tabulas Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 24:

quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam,

id. S. 1, 3, 67:

legem sanciendo,

Liv. 3, 55 et saep.— Pass.:

haec igitur lex sanciatur, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 12, 40, and 13, 44; cf.:

M. Valerius consul de provocatione legem tulit diligentius sanctam,

Liv. 10, 9:

sacrosanctum esse nihil potest, nisi quod populus plebesve sanxisset,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

sanxisset jura nobis,

id. Rep. 3, 11, 18: jus utile civitati, Pompon. ap. Prisc. p. 904:

in quibus (legibus) illa eadem sancta sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

cum aut morte tuā sancienda sint consulum imperia, aut impunitate in perpetuum abroganda,

Liv. 8, 7:

SENTENTIAM,

Inscr. Orell. 4405:

foedus,

to ratify the treaty, Liv. 1, 24; so Cic. Sest. 10, 24:

foedera sanguine,

id. post Red. ad Quir. 5, 13; Liv. 23, 8 fin.; 25, 16; Tac. A. 12, 46; cf. poet.:

foedera fulmine,

Verg. A. 12, 200.—

Sancire lege (edicto, etc.) aliquid, de aliquā re, ut, ne, etc.:

alia moribus confirmarunt, sanxerunt autem alia legibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 2; cf.:

genus id agrorum certo capite legis confirmari atque sanciri,

id. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

quod aedilis plebis fuisset, contra quam sanctum legibus erat,

Liv. 30, 19:

ne res efferatur jurejurando ac fide sanciatur petunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 2; cf. Liv. 39, 37:

neque enim rogationibus plebisve scitis sancta sunt ista praecepta,

Quint. 2, 13, 6:

coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem civitatum,

Tac. Agr. 27:

eadem fuit (causa) nihil de hac re lege sanciendi,

Liv. 34, 4:

nihil lege ullā in alios sanxit,

Just. 3, 2, 8:

de jure praediorum sanctum apud nos est jure civili, ut, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 65:

inhumanissimā lege sanxerunt, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 37, 63; cf.:

habeat legibus sanctum, Si quis...uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20:

lege naturae, communi jure gentium sanctum est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Har. Resp. 14, 32:

primo duodecim tabulis sanctum, ne quis, etc.,

Tac. A. 6, 16:

Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 28, 67:

in omne tempus gravi documento sancirent, ne, etc.,

Liv. 28, 19:

nec, quominus id postea liceret, ulla lex sanxit,

Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 5, 3.—

Without abl.:

de quibus confirmandis et sanciendis legem comitiis centuriatis laturus est,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 17; cf.:

acta Caesaris,

id. Att. 14, 21, 2:

quae dubia sunt, per vos sancire vult,

id. Agr. 3 4, 13:

augurem Jovis optimi maximi,

id. Phil. 13, 5, 12:

cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70:

quid est, quod tam accurate tamque diligenter caveat et sanciat, ut heredes sui, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 101.—

With acc. and inf.:

rursus fide sanxerunt liberos Tarentinos leges suaque omnia habituros,

Liv. 25, 8:

omnes liberos esse sanxit,

Suet. Claud. 25.—

Lex sancit, decrees, ordains (with acc. or obj.-clause):

at hoc Valeria lex non dicit, Corneliae leges non sanciunt,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 8:

consularis lex sanxit, ne qui magistratus sine provocatione crearetur,

id. Rep. 2, 31, 54; cf.:

res et ab naturā profectas et ab consuetudine probatas, legum metus et religio sanxit,

id. Inv. 2, 53, 160.—

Poet., with relative-clause:

quid quaeque queant, per foedera naturaï, Quid porro nequeant, sancitum quandoquidem exstat,

Lucr. 1, 587. —

To render sacred to any one, to devote, consecrate, dedicate:

sancire alicui carmina,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 215; cf. id. Th. 11, 344: templum, Coripp. 4, 264.—

Transf., to forbid under pain of punishment, to enact a penalty against (very rare):

incestum pontifices supplicio sanciunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf.:

noxiae poena par esto, ut in suo vitio quisque plectatur: vis capite, avaritia multa, honoris cupiditas ignominiā sanciatur,

id. ib. 3, 20, 46; id. Planc. 19, 47:

hoc (sc. insidiae) quamquam video neque more turpe haberi, neque aut lege sanciri aut jure civili: tamen naturae lege sanctum est,

id. Off. 3, 17, 69:

erranti viam non monstrare, quod Athenis exsecrationibus publicis sanctum est,

id. ib. 3, 13, 55:

Solon capite sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterius utrius partis fuisset,

made it a capital offence, id. Att. 10, 1, 2.—With abl. of fine:

injurias factas quinque et viginti assibus sanxerunt,

Gell. 20, 1, 31.—Hence, sanc-tus, a, um, P. a.

Orig., rendered sacred, established as inviolable, i. e. sacred, inviolable (whereas sacer signifies consecrated to a deity. Thus, e. g., a temple, grove, or the like, is sacer locus;

but sanctus locus is any public place which it is forbidden to injure or disturb. A sacer locus is also sanctus, but the converse is not always true): proprie dicimus sancta, quae neque sacra neque profana sunt, sed sanctione quādam confirmata, ut leges sanctae sunt, quia sanctione quādam sunt subnixae. Quod enim sanctione quādam subnixum est, id sanctum est, etsi deo non sit consecratum,

Dig. 1, 8, 9:

sanctum est, quod ab injuriā hominum defensum atque munitum est...In municipiis quoque muros esse sanctos,

ib. 1, 8, 8; cf.:

sanctae res, veluti muri et portae,

ib. 1, 8, 1:

campus,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

tribuni ejus (plebis) essent sanctique sunto,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 9 (cf. sacrosanctus):

societas,

id. Off. 1, 8, 26; id. Rep. 1, 32, 49:

fides induciarum,

Liv. 8, 37:

nullum esse officium, nullum jus tam sanctum atque integrum, quod non ejus scelus atque perfidia violarit et imminuerit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 109; so,

officium,

id. Quint. 6, 26:

poëtae...poëtae nomen,

id. Arch. 8, 18 sq. —Hence, aerarium sanctius, a special treasure of the State, which was only to be used in cases of extreme necessity (v. aerarium).—Of persons:

hospites ab injuriā prohibent sanctosque habent,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

ut vestris etiam legionibus sanctus essem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 60:

uxor,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 30.—Because to the idea of inviolability is readily attached that of exalted worth, of sacredness, or divinity (as, on the contrary, our word sacred afterward received the meaning of inviolable, e. g. sacred rights, a sacred promise, sacred honor, etc.), sanctus denotes,

Venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one: Saturno sancte create, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 607 Vahl.): Juno Saturnia sancta dearum, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 576 (Ann. v. 65 ib.): teque pater Tiberine (veneror) tuo cum flumine sancto, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 55 ib.):

numen,

Lucr. 5, 309; 6, 70:

sedes deum,

id. 5, 147; Cic. Rep. 5, 5, 7:

fana,

Lucr. 5, 74:

delubra,

id. 6, 417; 6, 1272:

sanctus augustusque fons,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 36:

sanctior dies (with sollemnis),

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

ignes (of a sacrifice),

Verg. A. 3, 406 et saep.—

After Augustus,

a title given to the emperors, Ov. F. 2, 127; Val. Fl. 1, 11:

sanctius et reverentius est visum nomen Augusti,

Flor. 4, 12, 66:

intra limina sanctioris aulae,

Mart. 5, 6, 8 (al. aevi):

amicitiae sanctum et venerabile nomen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 8, 15:

libertas,

Liv. 3, 52:

pudicitia,

id. 3, 52.—

Of character, morally pure, good, innocent, pious, holy, just, etc. (freq. and class.): cum esset ille vir exemplum innocentiae, cumque illo nemo neque integrior esset in civitate neque sanctior, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 229; cf.:

sanctissimi viri,

id. Lael. 11, 39:

homines frugalissimi, sanctissimi,

id. Fl. 29, 71:

sancti et religiosi,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44; cf.:

qui sunt sancti, qui religionum colentes,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

vir in publicis religionibus foederum sanctus et diligens,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 49: veteres et sancti viri, Sall. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 9:

sanctius consilium,

Liv. 30, 16; cf.:

jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum,

Verg. A. 1, 426:

da (mihi) justo sanctoque videri,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 61:

Dareus ut erat sanctus et mitis,

Curt. 3, 8, 5:

amores,

pure, chaste, Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf.:

virgines,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 27:

sanctissima conjux,

Verg. A. 11, 158:

pudor,

Tib. 1, 3, 83:

mores (with pudicitia),

Juv. 10, 298 et saep.:

me quidem id multo magis movet, quod mihi est et sanctius antiquius,

Cic. Att. 12, 19, 4:

quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducatur?

id. Rosc. Com. 2, 6; cf.:

est et sancta et gravis oratio (Calvi),

Quint. 10, 1, 115; so comp.:

oratio,

id. 8, 3, 24:

genus orationis,

id. 4, 2, 125:

eloquentia,

Tac. Or. 4:

manus sanctas habere,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8:

sanctissima disciplina (Stoicorum),

Gell. 1, 2, 7; cf. Lucr. 3, 371. —

In eccl. Lat., substt.

sanctus, i, m., a saint, holy man:

sancti tui,

Vulg. 2 Par. 6, 41:

omnes sancti ejus,

id. Psa. 30, 24. —

sanctum, i, n., a holy place; esp.:

sanctum sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 26, 34 et saep.:

in sancto habitas,

id. Psa. 21, 4.—Also in plur.:

sancta sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 40, 11 et saep.: violare sancta, id. Judith, 9, 11. — Adv.: sanctē (acc. to B.), solemnly, conscientiously, scrupulously, religiously, with holy awe, etc.:

jurare,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112; Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 4:

adjurare,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 27; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 26:

nimis sancte pius,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 8; cf.:

pie sancteque colimus naturam excellentem,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

auguste sancteque consecrare,

id. ib. 2, 24, 62:

disce verecundo sanctius ore loqui,

Mart. 8, 1, 2:

multa sunt severius scripta quam in antiquis legibus et sanctius,

Cic. Rab. Post. 4, 8:

se sanctissime gerere,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4, § 13:

te sancte precor,

Liv. 2, 10:

illae (tabulae) servantur sancte,

scrupulously, religiously, Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 7; cf.:

me ea, quae tibi promitto ac recipio, sanctissime esse observaturum,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 5:

virgines tam sancte habuit,

Curt. 3, 12, 21:

exempla conservatae sanctissime utrobique opinionis,

Quint. 1, 2, 4:

apud Sallustium dicta sancte et antique,

purely, chastely, id. 8, 3, 44.

bacchor, ātus ( part. pres. gen. plur. bacchantum; v. I. fin. infra), 1, v. dep. [Bacchus].

Lit., to celebrate the festival of Bacchus:

Baccha bacchans,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

saxea ut effigies bacchantis prospicit Evoe,

i. e. which cries Evoe in the orgies, Cat. 64, 61; 64, 255:

cum aliquo,

Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 8.—Hence, P. a. as subst.: bacchan-tes, um, f., Bacchae, the Bacchantes: passis Medea capillis Bacchantum ritu, Ov.M. 7, 258; 3, 703; Curt. 8, 10, 15; gen. Bacchantium, id. 9, 10, 24.—

Pass. (as in later Gr. bakcheuesthai, bakcheuthênai) of the place in which the orgies of Bacchus were celebrated:

virginibus bacchata Lacaenis Taygeta,

Verg. G. 2, 487 Heyn.:

bacchata jugis Naxos,

id. A. 3, 125:

Dindyma sanguineis famulum bacchata lacertis,

Val. Fl. 3, 20: ita obsoletum sono furenter ab omni parti bacchatur nemus, Santra ap. Non. p. 78, 28:

ululatibus Ide bacchatur,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 206.—

Transf., in gen., to revel, rave, rant, like the Bacchœ (of every species of mental excitement, love, hatred, joy, etc.; mostly poet. and in more elevated prose):

quibus gaudiis exsultabis? quantā in voluptate bacchabere?

Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26:

furor in vestrā caede bacchantis,

id. ib. 4, 6, 11; id. Har. Resp. 18, 39:

non ego sanius Bacchabor Edonis,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 26; Col. poët. 10, 198; * Suet. Calig. 56; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 213; id. VI. Cons. Hon. 192.—Of murderous fury:

tantā in illos caede bacchati sunt,

Vulg. Judic. 20, 25.—So of poet. inspiration, Stat. S. 1, 2, 258;

and with carmen as object: grande Sophocleo carmen bacchamur hiatu,

Juv. 6, 636; cf.:

furebant Euhoe bacchantes,

raving to the cry of Euhoe, Cat. 64, 255; 64, 61.—Also, to go or run about in a wanton, wild, raving, or furious manner: animans Omne, quod in magnis bacchatur montibu' passim, * Lucr. 5, 822:

saevit inops animi, totamque incensa per urbem Bacchatur,

Verg. A. 4, 301 ( = discursitat, Heyne):

immanis in antro Bacchatur vates,

raves, is inspired, id. ib. 6, 78;

7, 385: infelix virgo totā bacchatur in urbe,

id. Cir. 166.—Hence,

Transf. to inanimate things, to be furious, rage with fury, etc., to be impetuous, etc.

So of a vessel of wine that is filled very often:

ubi bacchabatur aula, casabant cadi,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 41 Lorenz ad loc.—

Of winds:

Thracio bacchante magis sub interlunia vento,

Hor. C. 1, 25, 11; Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 29.—Of violent rain, Val. Fl. 6, 632.—

Of a rumor: concussam bacchatur fama per urbem, spreads rapidly, Verg A. 4, 666.—

Of enthusiastic, raging discourse:

quod eos, quorum altior oratio actioque esset ardentior furere et bacchari arbitraretur,

Cic. Brut. 80, 276:

vitiosum dicendi genus, quod inanibus locis bacchatur, etc.,

Quint. 12, 10, 73.

bacchor, ātus ( part. pres. gen. plur. bacchantum; v. I. fin. infra), 1, v. dep. [Bacchus].

Lit., to celebrate the festival of Bacchus:

Baccha bacchans,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

saxea ut effigies bacchantis prospicit Evoe,

i. e. which cries Evoe in the orgies, Cat. 64, 61; 64, 255:

cum aliquo,

Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 8.—Hence, P. a. as subst.: bacchan-tes, um, f., Bacchae, the Bacchantes: passis Medea capillis Bacchantum ritu, Ov.M. 7, 258; 3, 703; Curt. 8, 10, 15; gen. Bacchantium, id. 9, 10, 24.—

Pass. (as in later Gr. bakcheuesthai, bakcheuthênai) of the place in which the orgies of Bacchus were celebrated:

virginibus bacchata Lacaenis Taygeta,

Verg. G. 2, 487 Heyn.:

bacchata jugis Naxos,

id. A. 3, 125:

Dindyma sanguineis famulum bacchata lacertis,

Val. Fl. 3, 20: ita obsoletum sono furenter ab omni parti bacchatur nemus, Santra ap. Non. p. 78, 28:

ululatibus Ide bacchatur,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 206.—

Transf., in gen., to revel, rave, rant, like the Bacchœ (of every species of mental excitement, love, hatred, joy, etc.; mostly poet. and in more elevated prose):

quibus gaudiis exsultabis? quantā in voluptate bacchabere?

Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26:

furor in vestrā caede bacchantis,

id. ib. 4, 6, 11; id. Har. Resp. 18, 39:

non ego sanius Bacchabor Edonis,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 26; Col. poët. 10, 198; * Suet. Calig. 56; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 213; id. VI. Cons. Hon. 192.—Of murderous fury:

tantā in illos caede bacchati sunt,

Vulg. Judic. 20, 25.—So of poet. inspiration, Stat. S. 1, 2, 258;

and with carmen as object: grande Sophocleo carmen bacchamur hiatu,

Juv. 6, 636; cf.:

furebant Euhoe bacchantes,

raving to the cry of Euhoe, Cat. 64, 255; 64, 61.—Also, to go or run about in a wanton, wild, raving, or furious manner: animans Omne, quod in magnis bacchatur montibu' passim, * Lucr. 5, 822:

saevit inops animi, totamque incensa per urbem Bacchatur,

Verg. A. 4, 301 ( = discursitat, Heyne):

immanis in antro Bacchatur vates,

raves, is inspired, id. ib. 6, 78;

7, 385: infelix virgo totā bacchatur in urbe,

id. Cir. 166.—Hence,

Transf. to inanimate things, to be furious, rage with fury, etc., to be impetuous, etc.

So of a vessel of wine that is filled very often:

ubi bacchabatur aula, casabant cadi,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 41 Lorenz ad loc.—

Of winds:

Thracio bacchante magis sub interlunia vento,

Hor. C. 1, 25, 11; Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 29.—Of violent rain, Val. Fl. 6, 632.—

Of a rumor: concussam bacchatur fama per urbem, spreads rapidly, Verg A. 4, 666.—

Of enthusiastic, raging discourse:

quod eos, quorum altior oratio actioque esset ardentior furere et bacchari arbitraretur,

Cic. Brut. 80, 276:

vitiosum dicendi genus, quod inanibus locis bacchatur, etc.,

Quint. 12, 10, 73.

com-mitto ( con-m-), mīsi, missum, 3, v. a.

Of two or more objects, to bring, join, combine into one whole; to join or put together, to connect, unite.

In gen. (rare; not in Cic.), constr. inter se, cum aliquā re, alicui, with in and acc., and with acc. only.

Inter se:

res in ordinem digestae atque inter se commissae,

Quint. 7, prooem. §

1: per nondum commissa inter se munimenta urbem intravit,

Liv. 38, 4, 8; cf. thus with inter se:

oras vulneris suturis,

Cels. 7, 19:

duo verba,

Quint. 9, 4, 33:

easdem litteras,

id. ib.:

duo comparativa,

id. 9, 3, 19.—

With cum:

costae committuntur cum osse pectoris,

Cels. 8, 1.—

With dat.:

viam a Placentiā ut Flaminiae committeret,

Liv. 39, 2, 10:

quā naris fronti committitur,

is joined to, Ov. M. 12, 315:

quā vir equo commissus erat,

id. ib. 12, 478 (of a Centaur); cf.

of Scylla: delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum,

Verg. A. 3, 428:

commissa dextera dextrae,

Ov. H. 2, 31:

medulla spinae commissa cerebro,

Cels. 8, 1:

moles, quae urbem continenti committeret,

Curt. 4, 2, 16; Flor. 1, 4, 2 Duker.—

With in and acc.:

commissa in unum crura,

Ov. M. 4, 580:

committuntur suturae in unguem,

Cels. 8, 1.—

With acc. only: barbaricam pestem navibus obtulit, commissam infabre, Pac. ap. Non. p. 40, 31 (Trag. Rel. v. 271 Rib.):

commissis operibus,

Liv. 38, 7, 10:

fidibusque mei commissa mariti moenia,

Ov. M. 6, 178:

(terra) maria committeret,

Curt. 3, 1, 13; 7, 7, 14:

noctes duas,

Ov. Am. 1, 13, 46; cf.: nocte commissā. Sen. Herc. Oet. 1698:

commissa corpore toto,

Ov. M. 4, 369; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 248, 25: cervix committitur primo [p. 380] artu, Val. Fl. 4, 310:

domus plumbo commissa,

patched, Juv. 14, 310.—

In partic., to set or bring men or animals together in a contest or fight, as competitors, etc., to set together, set on (freq. in Suet.;

elsewhere rare): pugiles Latinos cum Graecis,

Suet. Aug. 45:

quingenis peditibus, elephantis vicenis, tricenis equitibus hinc et inde commissis,

id. Caes. 39; id. Claud. 34:

camelorum quadrigas,

id. Ner. 11; Luc. 1, 97:

victores committe,

Mart. 8, 43, 3; cf. id. Spect. 28, 1:

licet Aenean Rutulumque ferocem Committas,

i.e. you describe their contest in your poem, you bring them in contact with each other, Juv. 1, 162:

eunucho Bromium committere noli,

id. 6, 378:

inter se omnes,

Suet. Calig. 56:

aequales inter se,

id. Gram. 17.—

Trop., to bring together for comparison, to compare, put together, match:

committit vates et comparat, inde Maronem, Atque aliā parte in trutinā suspendit Homerum,

Juv. 6, 436; cf. Prop. 2, 3, 21; Mart. 7, 24, 1.—

Transf., of a battle, war: proelium, certamen, bellum, etc.

To arrange a battle or contest, to enter upon, engage in, begin, join, commence, Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77:

proelii committendi signum dare,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21:

cum proelium commissum audissent,

id. ib. 7, 62:

commisso ab equitibus proelio,

id. B. C. 1, 40:

in aciem exercitum eduxit proeliumque commisit,

Nep. Eum. 3 fin.; id. Hann. 11, 3; id. Milt. 6, 3; Just. 2, 12, 7; 15, 4, 22; 22, 6, 6:

postquam eo ventum est, ut a ferentariis proelium committi posset,

Sall. C. 60, 2:

commisso proelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 35; id. B. C. 1, 13; 2, 6 Kraner ad loc.:

Caesar cohortatus suos proelium commisit,

id. ib. 1, 25:

utrum proelium committi ex usu esset, necne,

id. ib. 1, 50; 1, 52; 2, 19; Nep. Milt. 5, 3:

pridie quam Siciliensem pugnam classe committeret,

Suet. Aug. 96:

avidus committere pugnam,

Sil. 8, 619:

pugnas,

Stat. Th. 6, 143:

rixae committendae causā,

Liv. 5, 25, 2:

cum vates monere eum (regem) coepit, ne committeret, aut certe differret obsidionem,

Curt. 9, 4, 27.—Of a drinking contest for a wager:

a summo septenis cyathis committe hos ludos,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 1, 19:

nondum commisso spectaculo,

Liv. 2, 36, 1:

musicum agona,

Suet. Ner. 23:

aciem,

Flor. 4, 2, 46:

commissum (bellum) ac profligatum conficere,

Liv. 21, 40, 11; 8, 25, 5; 31, 28, 1 al.; cf.:

si quis trium temporum momenta consideret, primo commissum bellum, profligatum secundo, tertio vero confectum est,

Flor. 2, 15, 2:

committere Martem,

Sil. 13, 155:

quo die ludi committebantur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 6:

ludos dedicationis,

Suet. Claud. 21:

ludos,

Verg. A. 5, 113.—

In gen., to maintain a contest, etc., to fight a battle, to hold, celebrate games, etc. (rare):

illam pugnam navalem... mediocri certamine commissam arbitraris?

Cic. Mur. 15, 33:

levia inde proelia per quatriduum commissa,

Liv. 34, 37, 7:

commisso modico certamine,

id. 23, 44, 5.—

Absol. (post-Aug. and rare):

contra quem Sulla iterum commisit,

Eutr. 5, 6; 9, 24; Dig. 9, 1, 1:

priusquam committeretur,

before the contest began, Suet. Vesp. 5.—

In gen.: committere aliquid, to begin any course of action, to undertake, carry on, hold (rare):

tribuni sanguine commissa proscriptio,

Vell. 2, 64 fin.:

judicium inter sicarios committitur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 11. —In part. perf.:

egregie ad ultimum in audacter commisso perseveravit,

Liv. 44, 4, 11; cf. id. ib. § 8; 44, 6, 14.—

In partic., to practise or perpetrate wrong, do injustice; to commit a crime (very freq. and class.).

With acc.:

ut neque timeant, qui nihil commiserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent, qui peccaverint,

Cic. Mil. 23, 61; cf. Quint. 7, 2, 30:

commississe cavet quod mox mutare laboret,

Hor. A. P. 168:

ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti, Verri crimini daturus sum,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

quantum flagitii,

id. Brut. 61, 219:

tantum facinus,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65:

virilis audaciae facinora,

Sall. C. 25, 1:

majus delictum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 4:

nil nefandum,

Ov. M. 9, 626:

nefarias res,

Cic. Phil. 6, 1, 2:

scelus,

id. Sull. 2, 6; Dig. 48, 9, 7:

adulterium,

Quint. 7, 2, 11; 7, 3, 1:

incestum cum filio,

id. 5, 10, 19:

parricidium,

id. 7, 2, 2:

caedem,

id. 7, 4, 43; 10, 1, 12; 5, 12, 3:

sacrilegium,

id. 7, 2, 18:

fraudem,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 31.— Aliquid adversus, in, erga:

committere multa et in deos et in homines impie nefarieque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6; cf.:

in te,

Verg. A. 1, 231:

aliquid adversus populum Romanum,

Liv. 42, 38, 3:

aliquid erga te,

Cic. Att. 3, 20, 3.—

Committere contra legem, in legem, lege, to offend, sin, commit an offence:

quasi committeret contra legem,

Cic. Brut. 12, 48:

in legem Juliam de adulteriis,

Dig. 48, 5, 39; 48, 10, 13:

adversus testamentum,

ib. 34, 3, 8, § 2:

ne lege censoriā committant,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

lege de sicariis,

Quint. 7, 1, 9. —

Absol.:

hoc si in posterum edixisses, minus esset nefarium... nemo enim committeret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 43, § 110.—

With ut, to be guilty or be in fault, so that, to give occasion or cause, that, to act so as that:

id me commissurum ut patiar fieri,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 78:

non committet hodie iterum ut vapulet,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 5:

ego nolo quemquam civem committere, ut morte multandus sit: tu, etiam si commiserit, conservandum putas,

Cic. Phil. 8, 5, 15:

committere ut accusator nominere,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50; so Liv. 25, 6, 17:

non committam, ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

Cic. Fam. 5, 5, 3; 3, 7, 3; id. Att. 1, 6, 1; 1, 20, 3; id. de Or. 2, 57, 233; id. Off. 3, 2, 6; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 20, 1, Quint. 1, 10, 30; 5, 13, 27; Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 37.—More rare in a like sense,

With cur or quare:

Caedicius negare se commissurum, cur sibi quisquam imperium finiret,

Liv. 5, 46, 6:

neque commissum a se, quare timeret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 14.—

With inf.:

non committunt scamna facere,

Col. 2, 4, 3:

infelix committit saepe repelli,

Ov. M. 9, 632.—

Poenam, multam, etc., jurid. t. t., to bring punishment upon one ' s self by an error or fault, to incur, make one ' s self liable to it:

poenam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30; cf. Quint. 7, 4, 20; and:

committere in poenam edicti,

Dig. 2, 2, 4:

ut illam multam non commiserit,

Cic. Clu. 37, 103; Dig. 35, 1, 6 pr.—

Committi, with a definite object, to be forfeited or confiscated, as a penalty:

hereditas Veneri Erycinae commissa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 2, 14, § 36; so,

commissae hypothecae,

id. Fam. 13, 56, 2:

commissa tibi fiducia,

id. Fl. 21, 51:

merces,

Dig. 39, 4, 11, § 2:

mancipium,

ib. 39, 14, 6:

praedia in publicum,

ib. 3, 5, 12:

hanc devotionem capitis esse commissam,

incurred, Cic. Dom. 57, 145.—

Also (mostly in jurid. Lat.) of laws, judicial regulations, promises, etc., that become binding in consequence of the fulfilment of a condition as the commission of a crime, etc.:

in civitatem obligatam sponsione commissa iratis omnibus diis,

a promise the condition of which has been fulfilled, Liv. 9, 11, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.; cf.:

hanc ego devotionem capitis mei... convictam esse et commissam putabo,

Cic. Dom. 57, 145:

si alius committat edictum,

transgresses, incurs its penalty, makes himself liable to, Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 11; cf.:

commisso edicto ab alio filio, ib. lex 8, § 4: commisso per alium edicto, ib. lex 10, § 1 al.: statim atque commissa lex est,

ib. 18, 3, 4, § 2:

committetur stipulatio,

ib. 24, 3, 56.

To place a thing somewhere for preservation, protection, care, etc.; to give, intrust, commit to, to give up or resign to, to trust (syn.: commendo, trado, credo; very freq. and class.); constr. with aliquid ( aliquem) alicui, in aliquid, or absol.

Aliquid ( aliquem, se) alicui:

honor non solum datus sed etiam creditus ac commissus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 35:

nec illi (Catoni) committendum illud negotium, sed inponendum putaverunt,

id. Sest. 28, 60:

qui capita vestra non dubitatis credere, cui calceandos nemo commisit pedes?

Phaedr. 1, 14, 16:

ego me tuae commendo et committo fidei,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 47 (cf. id. And. 1, 5, 61):

ne quid committam tibi,

Plaut. Most. 3, 3, 21; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. And. 3, 5, 3; cf.:

his salutem nostram, his fortunas, his liberos rectissime committi arbitramur,

Cic. Off. 2, 9, 33; id. Att. 1, 13, 1; cf. id. ib. §

4: tibi rem magnam,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 1; id. Mil. 25, 68:

quia commissi sunt eis magistratus,

id. Planc. 25, 61:

summum imperium potestatemque omnium rerum alicui,

Nep. Lys. 1 fin.:

domino rem omnem,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 67:

caput tonsori,

id. A. P. 301:

ratem pelago,

id. C. 1, 3, 11:

sulcis semina (corresp. with spem credere terrae),

Verg. G. 1, 223; cf.:

committere semen sitienti solo,

Col. 2, 8, 4:

ulcus frigori,

Cels. 6, 18, n. 2:

aliquid litteris,

Cic. Att. 4, 1, 8; so,

verba tabellis,

Ov. M. 9, 587:

vivunt commissi calores Aeoliae fidibus puellae,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 11 al.:

committere se populo, senatui, publicis praesidiis et armis (corresp. with se tradere),

Cic. Mil. 23, 61; so,

se urbi,

id. Att. 15, 11, 1:

se theatro populoque Romano,

id. Sest. 54, 116:

se proelio,

Liv. 4, 59, 2:

se pugnae,

id. 5, 32, 4:

se publico,

to venture into the streets, Suet. Ner. 26:

se neque navigationi, neque viae,

Cic. Fam. 16, 8, 1; cf. id. Phil. 12, 10, 25; id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 31:

se timidius fortunae,

id. Att. 9, 6, 4:

civilibus fluctibus,

Nep. Att. 6, 1 al. —Prov.: ovem lupo (Gr. kataleipein oïn en lukoisi), Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 16.—

Aliquid ( aliquem, se) in aliquid (so esp. freq. in Liv.):

aliquid in alicujus fidem committere,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 34; cf. Liv. 30, 14, 4:

se in id conclave,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 23, 64:

se in conspectum populi Romani,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 11, § 26; cf. Pompei. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, C, 2:

se in senatum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 2, 2; id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:

summae fuisse dementiae dubiā spe impulsum certum in periculum se committere,

id. Inv. 2, 8, 27:

rem in casum ancipitis eventus,

Liv. 4, 27, 6; cf.:

duos filios in aleam ejus casus,

id. 40, 21, 6:

rem in aciem,

id. 3, 2, 12; cf.:

se in aciem,

id. 7, 26, 11; 23, 11, 10;

rempublicam in discrimen,

id. 8, 32, 4; cf.:

rerum summam in discrimen,

id. 33, 7, 10. —

Simply alicui, or entirely absol.:

sanan' es, Quae isti committas?

in trusting to him, Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 55:

ei commisi et credidi, Ter, Heaut. 5, 2, 13: haec cum scirem et cogitarem, commisi tamen, judices, Heio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 7, § 16:

universo populo neque ipse committit neque illi horum consiliorum auctores committi recte putant posse,

id. Agr. 2, 8, 20:

venti, quibus necessario committendum existimabat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

sed quoniam non es veritus concredere nobis, accipe commissae munera laetitiae,

intrusted, Prop. 1, 10, 12:

instant enim (adversarii) et saepe discrimen omne committunt, quod deesse nobis putant,

often hazard the most important advantage, Quint. 6, 4, 17:

cum senatus ei commiserit, ut videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet,

Cic. Mil. 26, 70.—With de:

iste negat se de existimatione suā cuiquam nisi suis commissurum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 137. —Hence, P. a. as subst.: commissum, i, n.

(Acc. to I. 3.) An undertaking, enterprise:

nec aliud restabat quam audacter commissum corrigere,

Liv. 44, 4, 8:

supererat nihil aliud in temere commisso, quam, etc.,

id. 44, 6, 14.—

(Acc. to I. 4.) A transgression, offence, fault, crime:

sacrum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

nisi aut quid commissi aut est causa jurgi,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 21:

ecquod hujus factum aut commissum non dicam audacius, sed quod, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 26, 72; cf.

turpe,

Hor. C. 3, 27, 39:

commissi praemia,

Ov. F. 4, 590.—In plur.:

post mihi non simili poenā commissa luetis,

offences, Verg. A. 1, 136; so,

fateri,

Stat. S. 5, 5, 5:

improba,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 304.—

Jurid. Lat., an incurring of fines, a confiscation or confiscated property, Suet. Calig. 41:

in commissum cadere,

Dig. 39, 4, 16:

causa commissi,

ib. 39, 4, 16 al.; 19, 2, 61 fin.:

aliquid pro commisso tenetur,

Quint. Decl. 341.—

(Acc. to II.) That which is intrusted, a secret, trust:

enuntiare commissa,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

commissa celare,

Nep. Epam. 3, 2; cf. Juv. 9, 93:

commissa tacere,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 84:

prodere,

id. ib. 1, 3, 95:

retinent commissa fideliter aures,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 70:

commissum teges (corresp. with arcanum scrutaberis),

id. ib. 1, 18, 38; cf. id. A. P. 200.

com-mitto ( con-m-), mīsi, missum, 3, v. a.

Of two or more objects, to bring, join, combine into one whole; to join or put together, to connect, unite.

In gen. (rare; not in Cic.), constr. inter se, cum aliquā re, alicui, with in and acc., and with acc. only.

Inter se:

res in ordinem digestae atque inter se commissae,

Quint. 7, prooem. §

1: per nondum commissa inter se munimenta urbem intravit,

Liv. 38, 4, 8; cf. thus with inter se:

oras vulneris suturis,

Cels. 7, 19:

duo verba,

Quint. 9, 4, 33:

easdem litteras,

id. ib.:

duo comparativa,

id. 9, 3, 19.—

With cum:

costae committuntur cum osse pectoris,

Cels. 8, 1.—

With dat.:

viam a Placentiā ut Flaminiae committeret,

Liv. 39, 2, 10:

quā naris fronti committitur,

is joined to, Ov. M. 12, 315:

quā vir equo commissus erat,

id. ib. 12, 478 (of a Centaur); cf.

of Scylla: delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum,

Verg. A. 3, 428:

commissa dextera dextrae,

Ov. H. 2, 31:

medulla spinae commissa cerebro,

Cels. 8, 1:

moles, quae urbem continenti committeret,

Curt. 4, 2, 16; Flor. 1, 4, 2 Duker.—

With in and acc.:

commissa in unum crura,

Ov. M. 4, 580:

committuntur suturae in unguem,

Cels. 8, 1.—

With acc. only: barbaricam pestem navibus obtulit, commissam infabre, Pac. ap. Non. p. 40, 31 (Trag. Rel. v. 271 Rib.):

commissis operibus,

Liv. 38, 7, 10:

fidibusque mei commissa mariti moenia,

Ov. M. 6, 178:

(terra) maria committeret,

Curt. 3, 1, 13; 7, 7, 14:

noctes duas,

Ov. Am. 1, 13, 46; cf.: nocte commissā. Sen. Herc. Oet. 1698:

commissa corpore toto,

Ov. M. 4, 369; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 248, 25: cervix committitur primo [p. 380] artu, Val. Fl. 4, 310:

domus plumbo commissa,

patched, Juv. 14, 310.—

In partic., to set or bring men or animals together in a contest or fight, as competitors, etc., to set together, set on (freq. in Suet.;

elsewhere rare): pugiles Latinos cum Graecis,

Suet. Aug. 45:

quingenis peditibus, elephantis vicenis, tricenis equitibus hinc et inde commissis,

id. Caes. 39; id. Claud. 34:

camelorum quadrigas,

id. Ner. 11; Luc. 1, 97:

victores committe,

Mart. 8, 43, 3; cf. id. Spect. 28, 1:

licet Aenean Rutulumque ferocem Committas,

i.e. you describe their contest in your poem, you bring them in contact with each other, Juv. 1, 162:

eunucho Bromium committere noli,

id. 6, 378:

inter se omnes,

Suet. Calig. 56:

aequales inter se,

id. Gram. 17.—

Trop., to bring together for comparison, to compare, put together, match:

committit vates et comparat, inde Maronem, Atque aliā parte in trutinā suspendit Homerum,

Juv. 6, 436; cf. Prop. 2, 3, 21; Mart. 7, 24, 1.—

Transf., of a battle, war: proelium, certamen, bellum, etc.

To arrange a battle or contest, to enter upon, engage in, begin, join, commence, Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77:

proelii committendi signum dare,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21:

cum proelium commissum audissent,

id. ib. 7, 62:

commisso ab equitibus proelio,

id. B. C. 1, 40:

in aciem exercitum eduxit proeliumque commisit,

Nep. Eum. 3 fin.; id. Hann. 11, 3; id. Milt. 6, 3; Just. 2, 12, 7; 15, 4, 22; 22, 6, 6:

postquam eo ventum est, ut a ferentariis proelium committi posset,

Sall. C. 60, 2:

commisso proelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 35; id. B. C. 1, 13; 2, 6 Kraner ad loc.:

Caesar cohortatus suos proelium commisit,

id. ib. 1, 25:

utrum proelium committi ex usu esset, necne,

id. ib. 1, 50; 1, 52; 2, 19; Nep. Milt. 5, 3:

pridie quam Siciliensem pugnam classe committeret,

Suet. Aug. 96:

avidus committere pugnam,

Sil. 8, 619:

pugnas,

Stat. Th. 6, 143:

rixae committendae causā,

Liv. 5, 25, 2:

cum vates monere eum (regem) coepit, ne committeret, aut certe differret obsidionem,

Curt. 9, 4, 27.—Of a drinking contest for a wager:

a summo septenis cyathis committe hos ludos,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 1, 19:

nondum commisso spectaculo,

Liv. 2, 36, 1:

musicum agona,

Suet. Ner. 23:

aciem,

Flor. 4, 2, 46:

commissum (bellum) ac profligatum conficere,

Liv. 21, 40, 11; 8, 25, 5; 31, 28, 1 al.; cf.:

si quis trium temporum momenta consideret, primo commissum bellum, profligatum secundo, tertio vero confectum est,

Flor. 2, 15, 2:

committere Martem,

Sil. 13, 155:

quo die ludi committebantur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 6:

ludos dedicationis,

Suet. Claud. 21:

ludos,

Verg. A. 5, 113.—

In gen., to maintain a contest, etc., to fight a battle, to hold, celebrate games, etc. (rare):

illam pugnam navalem... mediocri certamine commissam arbitraris?

Cic. Mur. 15, 33:

levia inde proelia per quatriduum commissa,

Liv. 34, 37, 7:

commisso modico certamine,

id. 23, 44, 5.—

Absol. (post-Aug. and rare):

contra quem Sulla iterum commisit,

Eutr. 5, 6; 9, 24; Dig. 9, 1, 1:

priusquam committeretur,

before the contest began, Suet. Vesp. 5.—

In gen.: committere aliquid, to begin any course of action, to undertake, carry on, hold (rare):

tribuni sanguine commissa proscriptio,

Vell. 2, 64 fin.:

judicium inter sicarios committitur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 11. —In part. perf.:

egregie ad ultimum in audacter commisso perseveravit,

Liv. 44, 4, 11; cf. id. ib. § 8; 44, 6, 14.—

In partic., to practise or perpetrate wrong, do injustice; to commit a crime (very freq. and class.).

With acc.:

ut neque timeant, qui nihil commiserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent, qui peccaverint,

Cic. Mil. 23, 61; cf. Quint. 7, 2, 30:

commississe cavet quod mox mutare laboret,

Hor. A. P. 168:

ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti, Verri crimini daturus sum,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

quantum flagitii,

id. Brut. 61, 219:

tantum facinus,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65:

virilis audaciae facinora,

Sall. C. 25, 1:

majus delictum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 4:

nil nefandum,

Ov. M. 9, 626:

nefarias res,

Cic. Phil. 6, 1, 2:

scelus,

id. Sull. 2, 6; Dig. 48, 9, 7:

adulterium,

Quint. 7, 2, 11; 7, 3, 1:

incestum cum filio,

id. 5, 10, 19:

parricidium,

id. 7, 2, 2:

caedem,

id. 7, 4, 43; 10, 1, 12; 5, 12, 3:

sacrilegium,

id. 7, 2, 18:

fraudem,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 31.— Aliquid adversus, in, erga:

committere multa et in deos et in homines impie nefarieque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6; cf.:

in te,

Verg. A. 1, 231:

aliquid adversus populum Romanum,

Liv. 42, 38, 3:

aliquid erga te,

Cic. Att. 3, 20, 3.—

Committere contra legem, in legem, lege, to offend, sin, commit an offence:

quasi committeret contra legem,

Cic. Brut. 12, 48:

in legem Juliam de adulteriis,

Dig. 48, 5, 39; 48, 10, 13:

adversus testamentum,

ib. 34, 3, 8, § 2:

ne lege censoriā committant,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

lege de sicariis,

Quint. 7, 1, 9. —

Absol.:

hoc si in posterum edixisses, minus esset nefarium... nemo enim committeret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 43, § 110.—

With ut, to be guilty or be in fault, so that, to give occasion or cause, that, to act so as that:

id me commissurum ut patiar fieri,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 78:

non committet hodie iterum ut vapulet,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 5:

ego nolo quemquam civem committere, ut morte multandus sit: tu, etiam si commiserit, conservandum putas,

Cic. Phil. 8, 5, 15:

committere ut accusator nominere,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50; so Liv. 25, 6, 17:

non committam, ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

Cic. Fam. 5, 5, 3; 3, 7, 3; id. Att. 1, 6, 1; 1, 20, 3; id. de Or. 2, 57, 233; id. Off. 3, 2, 6; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 20, 1, Quint. 1, 10, 30; 5, 13, 27; Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 37.—More rare in a like sense,

With cur or quare:

Caedicius negare se commissurum, cur sibi quisquam imperium finiret,

Liv. 5, 46, 6:

neque commissum a se, quare timeret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 14.—

With inf.:

non committunt scamna facere,

Col. 2, 4, 3:

infelix committit saepe repelli,

Ov. M. 9, 632.—

Poenam, multam, etc., jurid. t. t., to bring punishment upon one ' s self by an error or fault, to incur, make one ' s self liable to it:

poenam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30; cf. Quint. 7, 4, 20; and:

committere in poenam edicti,

Dig. 2, 2, 4:

ut illam multam non commiserit,

Cic. Clu. 37, 103; Dig. 35, 1, 6 pr.—

Committi, with a definite object, to be forfeited or confiscated, as a penalty:

hereditas Veneri Erycinae commissa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 2, 14, § 36; so,

commissae hypothecae,

id. Fam. 13, 56, 2:

commissa tibi fiducia,

id. Fl. 21, 51:

merces,

Dig. 39, 4, 11, § 2:

mancipium,

ib. 39, 14, 6:

praedia in publicum,

ib. 3, 5, 12:

hanc devotionem capitis esse commissam,

incurred, Cic. Dom. 57, 145.—

Also (mostly in jurid. Lat.) of laws, judicial regulations, promises, etc., that become binding in consequence of the fulfilment of a condition as the commission of a crime, etc.:

in civitatem obligatam sponsione commissa iratis omnibus diis,

a promise the condition of which has been fulfilled, Liv. 9, 11, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.; cf.:

hanc ego devotionem capitis mei... convictam esse et commissam putabo,

Cic. Dom. 57, 145:

si alius committat edictum,

transgresses, incurs its penalty, makes himself liable to, Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 11; cf.:

commisso edicto ab alio filio, ib. lex 8, § 4: commisso per alium edicto, ib. lex 10, § 1 al.: statim atque commissa lex est,

ib. 18, 3, 4, § 2:

committetur stipulatio,

ib. 24, 3, 56.

To place a thing somewhere for preservation, protection, care, etc.; to give, intrust, commit to, to give up or resign to, to trust (syn.: commendo, trado, credo; very freq. and class.); constr. with aliquid ( aliquem) alicui, in aliquid, or absol.

Aliquid ( aliquem, se) alicui:

honor non solum datus sed etiam creditus ac commissus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 35:

nec illi (Catoni) committendum illud negotium, sed inponendum putaverunt,

id. Sest. 28, 60:

qui capita vestra non dubitatis credere, cui calceandos nemo commisit pedes?

Phaedr. 1, 14, 16:

ego me tuae commendo et committo fidei,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 47 (cf. id. And. 1, 5, 61):

ne quid committam tibi,

Plaut. Most. 3, 3, 21; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. And. 3, 5, 3; cf.:

his salutem nostram, his fortunas, his liberos rectissime committi arbitramur,

Cic. Off. 2, 9, 33; id. Att. 1, 13, 1; cf. id. ib. §

4: tibi rem magnam,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 1; id. Mil. 25, 68:

quia commissi sunt eis magistratus,

id. Planc. 25, 61:

summum imperium potestatemque omnium rerum alicui,

Nep. Lys. 1 fin.:

domino rem omnem,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 67:

caput tonsori,

id. A. P. 301:

ratem pelago,

id. C. 1, 3, 11:

sulcis semina (corresp. with spem credere terrae),

Verg. G. 1, 223; cf.:

committere semen sitienti solo,

Col. 2, 8, 4:

ulcus frigori,

Cels. 6, 18, n. 2:

aliquid litteris,

Cic. Att. 4, 1, 8; so,

verba tabellis,

Ov. M. 9, 587:

vivunt commissi calores Aeoliae fidibus puellae,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 11 al.:

committere se populo, senatui, publicis praesidiis et armis (corresp. with se tradere),

Cic. Mil. 23, 61; so,

se urbi,

id. Att. 15, 11, 1:

se theatro populoque Romano,

id. Sest. 54, 116:

se proelio,

Liv. 4, 59, 2:

se pugnae,

id. 5, 32, 4:

se publico,

to venture into the streets, Suet. Ner. 26:

se neque navigationi, neque viae,

Cic. Fam. 16, 8, 1; cf. id. Phil. 12, 10, 25; id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 31:

se timidius fortunae,

id. Att. 9, 6, 4:

civilibus fluctibus,

Nep. Att. 6, 1 al. —Prov.: ovem lupo (Gr. kataleipein oïn en lukoisi), Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 16.—

Aliquid ( aliquem, se) in aliquid (so esp. freq. in Liv.):

aliquid in alicujus fidem committere,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 34; cf. Liv. 30, 14, 4:

se in id conclave,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 23, 64:

se in conspectum populi Romani,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 11, § 26; cf. Pompei. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, C, 2:

se in senatum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 2, 2; id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:

summae fuisse dementiae dubiā spe impulsum certum in periculum se committere,

id. Inv. 2, 8, 27:

rem in casum ancipitis eventus,

Liv. 4, 27, 6; cf.:

duos filios in aleam ejus casus,

id. 40, 21, 6:

rem in aciem,

id. 3, 2, 12; cf.:

se in aciem,

id. 7, 26, 11; 23, 11, 10;

rempublicam in discrimen,

id. 8, 32, 4; cf.:

rerum summam in discrimen,

id. 33, 7, 10. —

Simply alicui, or entirely absol.:

sanan' es, Quae isti committas?

in trusting to him, Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 55:

ei commisi et credidi, Ter, Heaut. 5, 2, 13: haec cum scirem et cogitarem, commisi tamen, judices, Heio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 7, § 16:

universo populo neque ipse committit neque illi horum consiliorum auctores committi recte putant posse,

id. Agr. 2, 8, 20:

venti, quibus necessario committendum existimabat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

sed quoniam non es veritus concredere nobis, accipe commissae munera laetitiae,

intrusted, Prop. 1, 10, 12:

instant enim (adversarii) et saepe discrimen omne committunt, quod deesse nobis putant,

often hazard the most important advantage, Quint. 6, 4, 17:

cum senatus ei commiserit, ut videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet,

Cic. Mil. 26, 70.—With de:

iste negat se de existimatione suā cuiquam nisi suis commissurum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 137. —Hence, P. a. as subst.: commissum, i, n.

(Acc. to I. 3.) An undertaking, enterprise:

nec aliud restabat quam audacter commissum corrigere,

Liv. 44, 4, 8:

supererat nihil aliud in temere commisso, quam, etc.,

id. 44, 6, 14.—

(Acc. to I. 4.) A transgression, offence, fault, crime:

sacrum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

nisi aut quid commissi aut est causa jurgi,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 21:

ecquod hujus factum aut commissum non dicam audacius, sed quod, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 26, 72; cf.

turpe,

Hor. C. 3, 27, 39:

commissi praemia,

Ov. F. 4, 590.—In plur.:

post mihi non simili poenā commissa luetis,

offences, Verg. A. 1, 136; so,

fateri,

Stat. S. 5, 5, 5:

improba,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 304.—

Jurid. Lat., an incurring of fines, a confiscation or confiscated property, Suet. Calig. 41:

in commissum cadere,

Dig. 39, 4, 16:

causa commissi,

ib. 39, 4, 16 al.; 19, 2, 61 fin.:

aliquid pro commisso tenetur,

Quint. Decl. 341.—

(Acc. to II.) That which is intrusted, a secret, trust:

enuntiare commissa,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

commissa celare,

Nep. Epam. 3, 2; cf. Juv. 9, 93:

commissa tacere,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 84:

prodere,

id. ib. 1, 3, 95:

retinent commissa fideliter aures,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 70:

commissum teges (corresp. with arcanum scrutaberis),

id. ib. 1, 18, 38; cf. id. A. P. 200.

con-vello, velli (convulsi, Sen. Q. N. 2, 6, 4), vulsum (volsum), 3, v. a.

To draw violently hither and thither something that is firm or quiet (esp. a tree, house, and the like); hence, to tear up, wrest from its position, to tear loose or away, to separate from, pull or pluck up (freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.

Without designation of place from which, etc.:

cum praecides caveto ne librum convellas,

Cato, R. R. 40, 2:

saxa turris hostium, quibus fundamenta continebantur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 11; cf. Hirt. B. G. 8, 26 fin.;

and, fundamenta,

Lucr. 4, 506:

cum gradus Castoris convellisti ac removisti,

Cic. Dom. 21, 54:

aesculum,

Verg. G. 2, 294:

convellere repagula, effringere valvas,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94:

limina tectorum,

Verg. A. 2, 507; Luc. 3, 528:

artus,

Lucr. 3, 344;

so of the rack: omnia (membra) laniata, omnes partes convulsae sunt,

Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 5:

convolsis laceratisque membris,

id. ib. § 6; cf.

armos,

to wrench, dislocate, Col. 6, 16, 1:

teneros fetus,

i. e. to produce abortion, Ov. Am. 2, 14, 5.—

With designation of place from or out of which, etc.:

simulacrum Cereris e sacrario convellendum auferendumque curavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 187; cf. id. ib. §

186: me ex nostris hortulis,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 55:

viridem silvam ab humo,

Verg. A. 3, 24:

funem ab terrā,

id. G. 1, 457:

(turrim) convellimus altis sedibus,

id. A. 2, 464:

robora suā terrā,

Ov. M. 7, 204:

Roma prope convulsa sedibus suis,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52:

domus convulsa sedibus suis,

Plin. Ep. 9, 19, 8:

aspera undique nisu,

Val. Fl. 5, 159.—

Absol.:

haeserunt radice pedes. Convellere pugnat,

Ov. M. 9, 351.—

Milit. t. t.: signa, to pluck up the standards from the ground, to decamp (rare), Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77; Liv. 22, 3, 12; cf.

vexilla,

Tac. A. 1, 20.—

Medic. t. t.: convulsus ( - volsus), a, um, suffering from wrenching of a limb, Plin. 25, 8, 54, § 98; cf. id. 20, 5, 18, § 36; 20, 17, 69, § 178; or from convulsions, spasmodic, convulsive:

latus,

Suet. Tib. 72:

fauces,

Quint. 11, 3, 20.—

Trop., to cause to totter, to shake, to destroy, overthrow, bring to naught (syn.: labefacto, commoveo, commuto, infirmo;

esp. freq. in Cic.): est boni consulis, cum cuncta auxilia rei publicae labefactari convellique videat, ferre opëm patriae,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 1, 3;

so with labefactare: cogitationem,

id. Fam. 5, 13, 2 Manut.; cf. id. Clu. 2, 6:

rei publicae statum,

id. Pis. 2, 4:

ea quae non possint commoveri,

id. de Or. 2, 51, 205:

haec si tenemus, quae mihi quidem non videntur posse convelli,

id. Div. 1, 51, 117:

judicia, stipulationes, etc. (with infirmare),

id. Caecin. 18, 51:

convellere et commutare instituta omnium,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 15:

acta Dolabellae,

id. Phil. 2, 33, 83:

rem publicam judicio aliquo,

id. Brut. 30, 115:

gratiam Caesaris,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:

vires aegri,

Cels. 3, 4, 14; cf. id. ib. §

11: fidem legionum promissis,

Tac. H. 4, 30 fin.:

caede Messalinae convulsa principis domus,

id. A. 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 12, 65;

4, 40: Tiberius vi dominationis convulsus ( = abalienatus ab honestate) et mutatus,

id. ib. 6, 48:

fata,

Ov. H. 16, 41:

secutae sunt duae (epistulae), quae me convellerunt de pristino statu, jam tamen labantem,

Cic. Att. 8, 15, 2.—

To tear or rend to pieces, to cleave, dismember, shatter, break (perh. first in the poets of the Aug. per.).

Lit.:

dapes avido dente,

Ov. M. 11, 123: glaebam vomere, * Cat. 64, 40:

dehiscit Convolsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor,

Verg. A. 5, 143; 8, 690:

loca vi quondam et vastā convolsa ruinā,

id. ib. 3, 414:

septem (naves) convolsae undis Euroque supersunt,

shattered, id. ib. 1, 383; cf. Luc. 3, 528:

convulsi laniatique centuriones,

Tac. A. 1, 32:

domum,

id. ib. 6, 40.—

Trop.

Of words, to mutilate, mispronounce:

magno cursu verba convellere,

Sen. Ep. 40, 2.—

To afflict, torture:

verbis convellere pectus,

Ov. H. 17, 111.

con-vello, velli (convulsi, Sen. Q. N. 2, 6, 4), vulsum (volsum), 3, v. a.

To draw violently hither and thither something that is firm or quiet (esp. a tree, house, and the like); hence, to tear up, wrest from its position, to tear loose or away, to separate from, pull or pluck up (freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.

Without designation of place from which, etc.:

cum praecides caveto ne librum convellas,

Cato, R. R. 40, 2:

saxa turris hostium, quibus fundamenta continebantur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 11; cf. Hirt. B. G. 8, 26 fin.;

and, fundamenta,

Lucr. 4, 506:

cum gradus Castoris convellisti ac removisti,

Cic. Dom. 21, 54:

aesculum,

Verg. G. 2, 294:

convellere repagula, effringere valvas,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94:

limina tectorum,

Verg. A. 2, 507; Luc. 3, 528:

artus,

Lucr. 3, 344;

so of the rack: omnia (membra) laniata, omnes partes convulsae sunt,

Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 5:

convolsis laceratisque membris,

id. ib. § 6; cf.

armos,

to wrench, dislocate, Col. 6, 16, 1:

teneros fetus,

i. e. to produce abortion, Ov. Am. 2, 14, 5.—

With designation of place from or out of which, etc.:

simulacrum Cereris e sacrario convellendum auferendumque curavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 187; cf. id. ib. §

186: me ex nostris hortulis,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 55:

viridem silvam ab humo,

Verg. A. 3, 24:

funem ab terrā,

id. G. 1, 457:

(turrim) convellimus altis sedibus,

id. A. 2, 464:

robora suā terrā,

Ov. M. 7, 204:

Roma prope convulsa sedibus suis,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52:

domus convulsa sedibus suis,

Plin. Ep. 9, 19, 8:

aspera undique nisu,

Val. Fl. 5, 159.—

Absol.:

haeserunt radice pedes. Convellere pugnat,

Ov. M. 9, 351.—

Milit. t. t.: signa, to pluck up the standards from the ground, to decamp (rare), Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77; Liv. 22, 3, 12; cf.

vexilla,

Tac. A. 1, 20.—

Medic. t. t.: convulsus ( - volsus), a, um, suffering from wrenching of a limb, Plin. 25, 8, 54, § 98; cf. id. 20, 5, 18, § 36; 20, 17, 69, § 178; or from convulsions, spasmodic, convulsive:

latus,

Suet. Tib. 72:

fauces,

Quint. 11, 3, 20.—

Trop., to cause to totter, to shake, to destroy, overthrow, bring to naught (syn.: labefacto, commoveo, commuto, infirmo;

esp. freq. in Cic.): est boni consulis, cum cuncta auxilia rei publicae labefactari convellique videat, ferre opëm patriae,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 1, 3;

so with labefactare: cogitationem,

id. Fam. 5, 13, 2 Manut.; cf. id. Clu. 2, 6:

rei publicae statum,

id. Pis. 2, 4:

ea quae non possint commoveri,

id. de Or. 2, 51, 205:

haec si tenemus, quae mihi quidem non videntur posse convelli,

id. Div. 1, 51, 117:

judicia, stipulationes, etc. (with infirmare),

id. Caecin. 18, 51:

convellere et commutare instituta omnium,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 15:

acta Dolabellae,

id. Phil. 2, 33, 83:

rem publicam judicio aliquo,

id. Brut. 30, 115:

gratiam Caesaris,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:

vires aegri,

Cels. 3, 4, 14; cf. id. ib. §

11: fidem legionum promissis,

Tac. H. 4, 30 fin.:

caede Messalinae convulsa principis domus,

id. A. 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 12, 65;

4, 40: Tiberius vi dominationis convulsus ( = abalienatus ab honestate) et mutatus,

id. ib. 6, 48:

fata,

Ov. H. 16, 41:

secutae sunt duae (epistulae), quae me convellerunt de pristino statu, jam tamen labantem,

Cic. Att. 8, 15, 2.—

To tear or rend to pieces, to cleave, dismember, shatter, break (perh. first in the poets of the Aug. per.).

Lit.:

dapes avido dente,

Ov. M. 11, 123: glaebam vomere, * Cat. 64, 40:

dehiscit Convolsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor,

Verg. A. 5, 143; 8, 690:

loca vi quondam et vastā convolsa ruinā,

id. ib. 3, 414:

septem (naves) convolsae undis Euroque supersunt,

shattered, id. ib. 1, 383; cf. Luc. 3, 528:

convulsi laniatique centuriones,

Tac. A. 1, 32:

domum,

id. ib. 6, 40.—

Trop.

Of words, to mutilate, mispronounce:

magno cursu verba convellere,

Sen. Ep. 40, 2.—

To afflict, torture:

verbis convellere pectus,

Ov. H. 17, 111.

zōna ( sōna, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 85 Ritschl), ae, f., = zônê, a belt, girdle, zone, worn about the loins by women (cf. cingulum).

Lit., Cat. 2, 13; Ov. F. 2, 320; id. H. 2, 116; id. M. 5, 470; 10, 379; id. R. Am. 602; id. Am. 1, 7, 48 al.—

Transf.

A girdle worn by men for containing money, a money-belt (cf. crumena), C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12 fin.; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 40.—

The girdle or belt of Orion, a constellation, Ov. F. 6, 787.—

A line running around the edge of a gem, a girdle, Plin. 37, 6, 24, § 90.—

One of the imaginary circles which divided the earth into five climates, a zone, Verg. G. 1, 233; Ov. M. 1, 46; 2, 131; Plin. 2, 68, 68, § 172; Mel. 1, 1, 2; Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 15, 13; 2, 5, 20; Mart. Cap. 6, § 602.—

A kind of herpes or erysipelas, which spreads about the body like a girdle, and destroys life, the shingles; called also zoster, Scrib. Comp. 63.

zōna ( sōna, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 85 Ritschl), ae, f., = zônê, a belt, girdle, zone, worn about the loins by women (cf. cingulum).

Lit., Cat. 2, 13; Ov. F. 2, 320; id. H. 2, 116; id. M. 5, 470; 10, 379; id. R. Am. 602; id. Am. 1, 7, 48 al.—

Transf.

A girdle worn by men for containing money, a money-belt (cf. crumena), C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12 fin.; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 40.—

The girdle or belt of Orion, a constellation, Ov. F. 6, 787.—

A line running around the edge of a gem, a girdle, Plin. 37, 6, 24, § 90.—

One of the imaginary circles which divided the earth into five climates, a zone, Verg. G. 1, 233; Ov. M. 1, 46; 2, 131; Plin. 2, 68, 68, § 172; Mel. 1, 1, 2; Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 15, 13; 2, 5, 20; Mart. Cap. 6, § 602.—

A kind of herpes or erysipelas, which spreads about the body like a girdle, and destroys life, the shingles; called also zoster, Scrib. Comp. 63.

tĭmĕo, ŭi, 2, v. a. and n. [root tam-; Sanscr. tam-yati, to be stupefied; tamas, darkness; cf. temulentus], to fear, be afraid of, to dread, apprehend; to be afraid or in fear, to be fearful, apprehensive, or anxious; constr. with acc., rel.-clause, inf., ne or ut, and absol.

With acc. (class.;

syn.: vereor, metuo, paveo): quamquam omnia sunt metuenda, nihil magis quam perfidiam timemus,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2:

timeo meos,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 63; cf.:

quos aliquamdiu inermes timuissent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

oppidanos,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 27:

saxum Tantalus,

Lucr. 3, 981 sq.:

portus omnes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 6:

reliquos casus,

id. ib. 3, 10:

nomen atque imperium absentis,

id. ib. 1, 61:

numinis iram,

Ov. M. 6, 314:

flagitium pejus leto,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 50:

cuncta (amantes),

Ov. M. 7, 719:

aeternas poenas timendum'st,

Lucr. 1, 111.—In pass.:

morbos esse timendos,

Lucr. 3, 41; so, si ipse fulgor timeretur, Quint. 8, 3, 5:

si Cn. Pompeius timeretur,

id. 4, 2, 25. — Pregn., to have to fear, i. e. to be exposed to, contend against:

pro telis gerit quae timuit et quae fudit,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 40 sq.; 793:

feras,

id. Herc. Oet. 270. — With dat. of the object for which one fears something:

nostrae causae nihil nos timere,

Quint. 11, 1, 75:

patronum justitiae suae,

id. 4, 1, 9:

furem caulibus aut pomis,

Juv. 6, 17:

noxiam vini aegris,

Plin. 14, 16, 19, § 101. — With de:

de suo ac legionis periculo nihil timebat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 57:

nihil de bello,

id. ib. 3, 3:

de se nihil timere,

Cic. Sest. 1, 1. — With pro and abl.:

quid pro quoque timendum, aut a quoque timendum sit,

Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 16, 2: pro amicis omnia timui, pro me nihil. Sen. Q. N. 4, praef. § 15. —

With rel.-clause (class.):

misera timeo, quid hoc sit negotii,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 79:

timeo, quid rerum gesserim,

id. Mil. 2, 4, 44:

quid possem, timebam,

Cic. Att. 12, 24, 1:

nunc istic quid agatur, magnopere timeo,

id. ib. 3, 8, 2;

jam nunc timeo, quidnam... pro exspectatione omnium eloqui possim,

id. Div. in Caecil. 13, 42:

misera timeo, incertum hoc quorsum accidat,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 29; cf.:

haec quo sint eruptura timeo,

Cic. Att. 2, 20, 5. — With dat.:

nunc nostrae timeo parti, quid hic respondeat,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 8. —

With inf. (freq. since the Aug. per.;

not in Cic.): Caesar etsi timebat tantae magnitudinis flumini exercitum obicere, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 1, 64:

equites cum intrare fumum et flammam densissimam timerent,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 16:

timebant prisci truncum findere,

Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 102:

nec jurare time,

Tib. 1, 4, 21; Hor. C. 1, 8, 8; 3, 24, 56; id. S. 1, 4, 23; id. Ep. 1, 5, 2; 1, 7, 4; 1, 19, 27; 2, 1, 114; id. A. P. 170; 197; Ov. M. 1, 593; 12, 246.— Rarely with acc. and inf.:

ni cedenti instaturum alterum timuissent,

Liv. 10, 36, 3.—

With ne or ut (class.):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam fiat,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo, ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61: haec timeo ne impediantur, D. Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 10, 4:

neque timerent, ne circumvenirentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

non times, ne locum perdas,

Quint. 6, 3, 63:

timuit, ne non succederet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 37:

timere, ne non virtute hostium, sed lassitudine suā vincerentur,

Curt. 3, 17, 9:

timeo, ut sustineas,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

ut satis commode supportari posset (res frumentaria), timere dicebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39. —

Absol. (freq. in prose and poetry):

fac, ego ne metuam igitur et ut tu meam timeas vicem,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 24:

salva est navis, ne time,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 64; so,

ne time,

id. Am. 2, 2, 42; 5, 1, 12; id. Cas. 4, 4, 13; id. Curc. 4, 2, 34:

timentibus ceteris propter ignorationem locorum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 29; cf.:

timentes confirmat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 7:

cottidie aliquid fit lenius quam timebamus,

Cic. Fam. 6, 10, 5:

timere et admirari,

Quint. 9, 2, 26; 9, 2, 86.—With de:

de re publicā valde timeo,

Cic. Att. 7, 6, 2.—With ab:

a quo quidem genere ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59. — With pro ( poet. and post-Aug.):

pro eo timebam,

Curt. 6, 10, 27:

timentem pro capite amicissimo,

Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 3:

quamvis pericliter, plus tamen pro te timeo,

Sen. Contr. 7, 20, 1:

indulgentia pro suis timentium,

id. ib. 9, 26, 2, B:

qui pro illo nimium timet,

id. Ep. 14, 1:

qui eget divitiis timet pro illis,

id. ib. 14, 18;

90, 43: pro Aristippi animā,

Gell. 19, 1, 10:

timuere dei pro vindice terrae,

Ov. M. 9, 241.—Pregn., with abl. ( poet.):

timuit exterrita pennis Ales,

expressed its fear, Verg. A. 5, 505. — Freq. with dat. of the object for which one fears:

tibi timui,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 20; cf.:

qui sibi timuerant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27:

alicui,

Quint. 8, 5, 15; Verg. A. 2, 729; Hor. C. 3, 27, 7; id. S. 2, 1, 23:

suis rebus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16:

huic loco,

id. ib. 7, 44:

receptui suo,

id. B. C. 3, 69:

urbi,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 26.— Impers. pass.:

urbi timetur,

Luc. 7, 138: Sen. Med. 885.—

Timens like timidus, with gen.:

mortis timentes,

Lucr. 6, 1239.

castrum, i, n. [kindred with casa, q. v.].

In sing., any fortified place; a castle, fort, fortress (more rare than castellum):

ei Grunium dederat in Phrygiā castrum, etc.,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 3; Liv. 32. 29, 4; Dig. 27, 1, 17 fin. —

Esp., nom. propr.

Castrum Altum or Album, in Hispania Tarraconensis, Liv. 24, 41, 3.—

Castrum Inui, or simply Castrum, an ancient city of the Rutuli, near Ardea, Verg. A. 6, 775;

called Castrum,

Ov. M. 15, 727; Sil. 8, 359. —

Castrum Novum, a city on the seacoast of Etruria, Liv. 36, 3, 6; Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 51.—

Another Castrum Novum, on the sea-coast of Picenum, now Giulia Nova, [p. 299] Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110; also called absol. Castrum, Vell. 1, 14, 8.—

Castrum Truentinum, a maritime city of Picenum, on the river Truentus, Cic. Att. 8, 12, B, 1;

also called Truentum,

Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110.—

Castrum Vergium, a fortress of the Bergistani in Hispania Tarraconensis, now Berga, Liv. 34, 21, 1.—Far more freq.,

In plur.: castra, ōrum, n. ( castra, ae, f.: castra haec vestra est, Att. ap. Non. p. 200, 30; Trag. Rel. p. 238 Rib.).

Lit., several soldiers ' tents situated together; hence, a military camp, an encampment; among the Romans a square (quadrata);

later, after the manner of the Greeks, sometimes circular, or adjusted to its situation,

Veg. Mil. 1, 23. It was surrounded by a trench (fossa) and a wall (vallum), and had four gates: Porta Praetoria, the front, chief gate, on the opp. side from the enemy, from which the legions marched; opp. to this, Porta Decumana (in later times Porta Quaestoria), the back gate;

Porta Principalis Dextra, and Porta Principalis Sinistra, situated on the two sides of the camp,

Liv. 40, 27, 4 sq.; cf. Dict. of Antiq.—

Phrases.

With adj.:

stativa,

occupied for a long time, permanent, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; Caes. B. C. 3, 30; 3, 37; Sall. J. 44, 4; Tac. A. 3, 21:

aestiva,

summer camp, id. ib. 1, 16; Suet. Claud. 1:

hiberna,

Liv. 29, 35, 13 (more freq. absol. aestiva and hiberna, q. v.):

navalia,

an encampment on the shore for protecting the fleet and the troops while landing; sometimes connected with the ships drawn to land, Caes. B. G. 5, 22 Herz.; cf. id. ib. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 35, 13;

called also nautica,

Nep. Alcib. 8, 5; id. Hann. 11, 6 (cf. id. ib. § 4; Liv. 44, 39): lunata, crescent-shaped, Auct. B. Afr. 80.—With numerals:

una,

Tac. A. 4, 2:

bina,

Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27; Liv. 4, 27, 3:

quina,

Caes. B. C. 3, 9.—

With verb:

locum castris antecapere,

Sall. J. 50, 1; cf.:

capere locum castris,

Liv. 4, 27, 3; 9, 17, 15;

and montes castris capere,

Tac. A. 12, 55: castra metari, Cael. ap. Non. p. 137, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 13, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 15 al.:

facere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; Nep. Milt. 5, 2; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29 al.:

ponere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 35; Nep. Hann. 5 fin.:

ponere et munire,

Sall. J. 75, 7:

munire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Liv. 44, 39, 1:

communire,

Caes. B. G. 5, 49; Liv. 23, 28, 3:

castra castris conferre,

id. 10, 32, 5; 23, 28, 9:

castris se tenere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 8:

castra movere,

to break up, to decamp, id. ib. 1, 39 fin.; also syn. with to march forth from a camp, id. ib. 1, 15 Herz.; 1, 22; 2, 2; Sall. C. 57, 3; Nep. Dat. 8, 4; id. Eum. 12 fin. et saep.—Hence, also, promovere, Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

movere retro,

Liv. 2, 58, 3:

removere,

id. 9, 24, 4:

proferre,

Caes. B. C. 1, 81:

castris castra inferre,

Enn. Trag. 201 Vahl.—

Castra Praetoriana, Praetoria, Urbana or simply Castra, the barracks of the Prœtorians in the suburbs of Rome, Suet. Tib. 37; id. Claud. 21; Tac. A. 4, 2; Suet. Aug. 29; id. Claud. 36; Dig. 48, 5, 15. —

Castrorum filius, a surname of Caligula, who was brought up in the camp, Suet. Calig. 22; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—So, Castrorum mater, an appellation of Faustina, the wife of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, because she accompanied him in an expedition against the Quadi, Capitol. Marc. Aur. 26.—Hence both appell. in later inscriptions as titles of the Roman emperors and empresses. —

Esp. as nom. propr., like castrum.

Castra Corneliana or Cornelia, on the north coast of Africa, near Utica, so called because the elder Scipio Africanus first pitched his camp there, after his landing in Africa, in the second Punic war, Caes. B. C. 2, 24; 2, 25; 2, 37; Mel. 1, 7, 2; Plin. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—

Castra Caecilia, in Lusitania, Plin. 4, 22, 35, § 117.—

Castra Hannibalis, a seaport town in Bruttium, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95.—

Castra Pyrrhi, a place in Grecian Illyria, Liv. 32, 13, 2.—

Castra Vetera or Vetera, a place on the Lower Rhine, now Xanthen, Tac. H. 4, 18; 4, 21; 4, 35; id. A. 1, 45.—

Castra Alexandri, a district in Egypt, Curt. 4, 7, 2; Oros. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Since, in military expeditions, a camp was pitched each evening, in the histt. (esp. Livy) for a day ' s march:

secundis castris ( = bidui itinere) pervenit ad Dium,

Liv. 44, 7, 1; so Tac. H. 3, 15; cf.:

alteris castris,

Liv. 38, 13, 2; Curt. 3, 7.—

So tertiis castris,

Liv. 38, 13, 11; 38, 24, 1; Tac. H. 4, 71:

quartis castris,

Liv. 44, 46, 10:

quintis castris,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36; Liv. 28, 19, 4:

septimis castris,

id. 40, 22, 1:

decimis castris,

id. 27, 32 fin.; 28, 33, 1.—

Military service (hence, often opp. forum and toga), Nep. Epam. 5, 4; Vell. 2, 125, 4; Tib. 4, 1, 39:

qui magnum in castris usum habebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39.—

Of beehives:

cerea,

Verg. A. 12, 589:

in apium castris,

Pall. 1, 37, 4.—

Of a sheepfold, Col. 6, 23, 3.—

Of political parties, regarded as arrayed in hostility:

si ad interdicti sententiam confugis... in meis castris praesidiisque versaris,

Cic. Caecin. 29, 83.—

Of philosophical sects:

Epicuri castra,

Cic. Fam. 9, 20, 1:

O castra praeclara (Epicuri)!

id. ib. 7, 12, 1; Hor. C. 3, 16, 23; Sen. Ep. 2, 4.

ăcer, ĕris, n. [kindred with Germ. Ahorn] (f. Serv. ap. Prisc. p. 698 P.), the maple-tree, Plin. 16, 15, 26, § 66 sq.—

Transf., the wood of the maple-tree, maplewood, used, on account of its hardness and firmness, for writing-tablets, Plin. 33, 11, 52, § 146; Ov. Am. 1, 11, 28.

ācer, cris, cre, adj. (m. acris, Enn.; f. acer, Naev. and Enn.; acrus, a um, Pall.; Veg.; cf. Charis. 63 and 93 P.) [cf. akis, akôn, akmê, akros, ôkus, oxus; Sanscr. acan = dart, acus = swift; Germ. Ecke; Engl. edge, to egg; and with change of quantity, ăcus, acuo, ăceo, ăcies, ăcerbus], sharp, pointed, piercing, and the like.

Prop., of the senses and things affecting them, sharp, dazzling, stinging, pungent, fine, piercing:

praestans valetudine, viribus, formā, acerrimis integerrimisque sensibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45. So,

Of the sight:

acerrimus sensus videndi,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 357:

acres oculi,

id. Planc. 27:

splendor,

Lucr. 4, 304:

quidam colores ruboris acerrimi,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 14 al. —

Of the hearing:

voce increpet acri?

Lucr. 3, 953:

aurium mensura, quod est acrius judicium et certius,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47:

acrem flammae sonitum,

Verg. G. 4, 409:

acri tibiā,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 1.—

Of smell, Lucr. 4, 122:

exstinctum lumen acri nidore offendit nares,

id. 6, 792; cf. ib. 1216:

unguentis minus diu delectemur summa et acerrima suavitate conditis, quam his moderatis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 99:

odor,

Plin. 12, 17, 40.—

Of taste: ut vitet acria, ut est sinapi, cepa, allium, Var. ap. Non. 201, 13:

acres humores,

sharp juices, Cic. N. D. 2, 23:

lactuca innatat acri stomacho,

an acid stomach, Hor. S. 2, 4, 59; cf. ib. 2, 8, 7:

dulcibus cibis acres acutosque miscere,

Plin. Ep. 7, 3 al. —

Of sensation in its widest extent: aestatem auctumnus sequitur, post acer hiems fit, sharp, severe, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 647 P. (Ann. v. 406 ed. Vahl.—cf. Lucr. 3, 20; 4, 261); and so Hor.: solvitur acris hiems, C. 1. 4, 1. —

Of the internal states of the human system, violent, sharp, severe, gnawing:

fames, Naev. ap. Prisc. l. l. (B. Punic. p. 18 ed. Vahl.): somnus, Enn. ap. Prisc. l. l. (Ann. v. 369): morbus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119:

dolor,

Lucr. 6, 650:

sitis,

Tib. 1, 3, 77 al.

Of the states of mind: violent, vehement, passionate, consuming: mors amici subigit, quae mihi est senium multo acerrimum, Att. ap. Non. 2, 22:

acri ira percitus,

Lucr. 5, 400: cf. 3, 312;

6, 754 (on the contrary, 5, 1194: iras acerbas): acres curae,

Lucr. 3, 463, and Var. ap. Non. 241:

luctus,

ib. 87:

dolor,

Verg. A. 7, 291:

metus,

Lucr. 6, 1211; Verg. A. 1, 362:

amor,

Tib. 2, 6, 15:

acrior ad Venerem cupido,

Curt. 6, 5 al. (Among unpleasant sensations, acer designates a piercing, wounding by sharpness; but acerbus the rough, harsh, repugnant, repulsive.)—

Applied to the intellectual qualities, subtle, acute, penetrating, sagacious, shrewd:

acrem irritat virtutem animi,

Lucr. 1, 70:

acri judicio perpende,

id. 2, 1041:

memoria,

strong, retentive, Cic. de Or. 2, 87:

vir acri ingenio,

id. Or. 5; cf. id. Sest. 20 al. —

Applied to moral qualities.

In a good sense, active, ardent, eager, spirited, brave, zealous:

milites,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10:

civis acerrimus,

an ardent patriot, id. Fam. 10, 28:

defensor,

id. ib. 1, 1:

studio acriore esse,

id. de Or. 1, 21:

jam tum acer curas venientem extendit in annum rusticus,

Verg. G. 2, 405 al. —

In a bad sense, violent, hasty, hot, passionate, fierce, severe (very freq.):

uxor acerrima,

enraged, angry, Plaut. Merc. 4, 4, 56; Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 32:

dominos acres,

Lucr. 6, 63; Nep. Tim. 3, 5; cf. Bremi Nep. Eum. 11, 1. Also, of animals, Lucr. 4, 421; 5, 860; Verg. A. 4, 156; Hor. Epod. 12, 6; 2, 31; Nep. Eum. 11, 1. —

Of abstract things (mostly poet.), Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 32:

egestas,

Lucr. 3, 65:

poenas,

id. 6, 72:

impetus,

ib. 128; 392:

acerrimum bellum,

Cic. Balb. 6:

nox acerrima atque acerbissima,

id. Sull. 18:

acrius supplicium,

id. Cat. 1, 1; in Quint.: acres syllabae, which proceed from short to long, 9, 4.—Acer is constr. with abl., and also (esp. in the histt. of the silv. age) with gen., Vell. 1, 13; Tac. H. 2, 5 al.; cf. Ramsh. § 107, 6 note. With in, Cic. Fam. 8, 15; with inf., Sil. 3, 338.— Adv.: ācrĭter, sharply, strongly, vehemently, eagerly, zealously, etc., in all the signif. of the adj., Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 110; id. Ps. 1, 3, 39; Lucr. 6, 783; Cic. Tusc. 1, 30 al.— Comp., Lucr. 3, 54; 5, 1147; Hor. S. 2, 3, 92; Tac. A. 6, 45; 13, 3.— Sup., Cic. Fl. 11; id. Fam. 10, 28; 15, 4.—Also, ācre, Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 132, 25; App. M. 10, 32; and perh. Pers. 4, 34.

arbor ( arbŏs, Lucr. 1, 774; 6, 786 Lachm.; Ov. M. 2, 212; id. F. 1, 153 (but Merk. arbor, in both places); Verg. E. 3, 56; id. G. 2, 57; 2, 81; id. A. 3, 27; 6, 206 Rib. al.: acc. arbosem, Paul. ex Fest. p. 15 Müll.), ŏris, f. (m., INTER DVOS ARBORES, Inscr. Lyon, I. 27) [v. arduus].

In gen.: arbores serere, to plant, Caecil. Stat. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; Cic. Sen. 17, 59:

poni,

Verg. G. 2, 278:

arbos se sustulit,

id. ib. 2, 57:

arbores putare,

Cato, R. R. 32, 1: arbores frondescere, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69:

arboribus frondes redeunt,

Ov. F. 3, 237:

arbos silvestris,

Verg. E. 3, 70:

ramosa,

Lucr. 5 [1096]:

umbrosa,

Verg. G. 2, 66; so Ov. P. 4, 5, 41:

ingens,

Verg. G. 2, 81:

alta,

Ov. M. 15, 404:

summa,

Verg. G. 4, 557; so Ov. M. 12, 15:

patula,

id. ib. 1, 106:

fertilis,

Verg. G. 4, 142:

in quibus (arboribus) non truncus, non rami, non folia sunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 178:

sub ramis arboris altae,

Lucr. 2, 30, and Verg. A. 7, 108:

arborum rami,

Vulg. Sap. 17, 17:

arbor nuda sine frondibus,

Ov. M. 13, 690; Vulg. Marc. 11, 8:

arborum cortices,

Vulg. Job, 30, 4:

arbores ab radicibus subruere,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 130; Vulg. Matt. 3, 10:

quarum (arborum) baca,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31:

jacent sua quāque sub arbore poma,

Verg. E. 7, 54; Vulg. Lev. 26, 20:

fructus arborum,

Quint. 8, 5, 26; Vulg. Sap. 10, 7.—

Spec. with gen. of species: alni, the alder-tree, Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 7:

fici,

the fig-tree, Cic. Fl. 17, 41; Vulg. Matt. 21, 19:

arbores ficorum,

Col. 11, 2, 59: arbor ficus (nom.), Vulg. Jud. 9, 10:

abietis arbores,

fir trees, Liv. 24, 3:

arbor palmae,

the palm-tree, Suet. Aug. 94:

cupressūs,

the cypress, id. Vesp. 5:

arbor sycomorus,

a sycamore, Vulg. Luc. 19, 4; so,

arbor morus,

ib. ib. 17, 6:

arbores olivarum,

olive trees, ib. Exod. 27, 20.— Poet.:

Jovis,

the oak-tree, Ov. M. 1, 106:

Phoebi,

the laurel-tree, id. F. 3, 139 (cf. id. ib. 6, 91:

Apollinea laurus): Palladis,

the olive-tree, id. A. A. 2, 518:

arbor Herculea,

the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66 (cf.:

Arborum genera numinibus suis dicata perpetuo servantur, ut Jovi aesculus, Apollini laurus, Minervae olea, Veneri myrtus, Herculi populus,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3; Phaedr. 3, 17) al.—

Meton.

Things made of wood (cf.: Mille sunt usus earum (arborum), sine quīs vita degi non possit. Arbore sulcamus, maria terrasque admovemus; arbore exaedificamus tecta;

arborea et simulacra numinum fuere etc.,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 5).

With mali:

adversique infigitur arbore mali,

Verg. A. 5, 504.—

Without mali, Luc. 9, 332; Sil. 3, 129; Paul. Sent. 1. 2, t. 3.—

The lever or bar of a press, press-beam, Cato, R. R. 18, 4; 18, 12; Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317.—

An oar:

centenāque arbore fluctum Verberat adsurgens,

Verg. A. 10, 207.—

A ship:

Phrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovem,

the ship Argo, Ov. H. 12, 8.—

The shaft of a javelin, a javelin, Stat. Th. 12, 769.—

Euphemist.: arbor infelix, a gallows, gibbet:

caput obnubito, arbori infelici suspendito,

Cic. Rab. 4 fin.; Liv. 1, 26, 7; cf. Plin. 16, 26, 45, § 108 (Niebuhr, Röm. Gesch. I. § 365, compares the words of the Fries. law: am argen vordern Baum henken; cf. in Engl. to hang on the accursed tree).—

The fabulous polypus, which was fancied to have arms like the branches of a tree:

In Gaditano Oceano arbor in tantum vastis dispansa armis, ut fretum numquam intrāsse credatur,

Plin. 9, 4, 3, § 8.

Arbor infelix, a town and castle in Rhœtia, now Arbon, Tab. Peut.

arbor ( arbŏs, Lucr. 1, 774; 6, 786 Lachm.; Ov. M. 2, 212; id. F. 1, 153 (but Merk. arbor, in both places); Verg. E. 3, 56; id. G. 2, 57; 2, 81; id. A. 3, 27; 6, 206 Rib. al.: acc. arbosem, Paul. ex Fest. p. 15 Müll.), ŏris, f. (m., INTER DVOS ARBORES, Inscr. Lyon, I. 27) [v. arduus].

In gen.: arbores serere, to plant, Caecil. Stat. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; Cic. Sen. 17, 59:

poni,

Verg. G. 2, 278:

arbos se sustulit,

id. ib. 2, 57:

arbores putare,

Cato, R. R. 32, 1: arbores frondescere, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69:

arboribus frondes redeunt,

Ov. F. 3, 237:

arbos silvestris,

Verg. E. 3, 70:

ramosa,

Lucr. 5 [1096]:

umbrosa,

Verg. G. 2, 66; so Ov. P. 4, 5, 41:

ingens,

Verg. G. 2, 81:

alta,

Ov. M. 15, 404:

summa,

Verg. G. 4, 557; so Ov. M. 12, 15:

patula,

id. ib. 1, 106:

fertilis,

Verg. G. 4, 142:

in quibus (arboribus) non truncus, non rami, non folia sunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 178:

sub ramis arboris altae,

Lucr. 2, 30, and Verg. A. 7, 108:

arborum rami,

Vulg. Sap. 17, 17:

arbor nuda sine frondibus,

Ov. M. 13, 690; Vulg. Marc. 11, 8:

arborum cortices,

Vulg. Job, 30, 4:

arbores ab radicibus subruere,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 130; Vulg. Matt. 3, 10:

quarum (arborum) baca,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31:

jacent sua quāque sub arbore poma,

Verg. E. 7, 54; Vulg. Lev. 26, 20:

fructus arborum,

Quint. 8, 5, 26; Vulg. Sap. 10, 7.—

Spec. with gen. of species: alni, the alder-tree, Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 7:

fici,

the fig-tree, Cic. Fl. 17, 41; Vulg. Matt. 21, 19:

arbores ficorum,

Col. 11, 2, 59: arbor ficus (nom.), Vulg. Jud. 9, 10:

abietis arbores,

fir trees, Liv. 24, 3:

arbor palmae,

the palm-tree, Suet. Aug. 94:

cupressūs,

the cypress, id. Vesp. 5:

arbor sycomorus,

a sycamore, Vulg. Luc. 19, 4; so,

arbor morus,

ib. ib. 17, 6:

arbores olivarum,

olive trees, ib. Exod. 27, 20.— Poet.:

Jovis,

the oak-tree, Ov. M. 1, 106:

Phoebi,

the laurel-tree, id. F. 3, 139 (cf. id. ib. 6, 91:

Apollinea laurus): Palladis,

the olive-tree, id. A. A. 2, 518:

arbor Herculea,

the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66 (cf.:

Arborum genera numinibus suis dicata perpetuo servantur, ut Jovi aesculus, Apollini laurus, Minervae olea, Veneri myrtus, Herculi populus,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3; Phaedr. 3, 17) al.—

Meton.

Things made of wood (cf.: Mille sunt usus earum (arborum), sine quīs vita degi non possit. Arbore sulcamus, maria terrasque admovemus; arbore exaedificamus tecta;

arborea et simulacra numinum fuere etc.,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 5).

With mali:

adversique infigitur arbore mali,

Verg. A. 5, 504.—

Without mali, Luc. 9, 332; Sil. 3, 129; Paul. Sent. 1. 2, t. 3.—

The lever or bar of a press, press-beam, Cato, R. R. 18, 4; 18, 12; Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317.—

An oar:

centenāque arbore fluctum Verberat adsurgens,

Verg. A. 10, 207.—

A ship:

Phrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovem,

the ship Argo, Ov. H. 12, 8.—

The shaft of a javelin, a javelin, Stat. Th. 12, 769.—

Euphemist.: arbor infelix, a gallows, gibbet:

caput obnubito, arbori infelici suspendito,

Cic. Rab. 4 fin.; Liv. 1, 26, 7; cf. Plin. 16, 26, 45, § 108 (Niebuhr, Röm. Gesch. I. § 365, compares the words of the Fries. law: am argen vordern Baum henken; cf. in Engl. to hang on the accursed tree).—

The fabulous polypus, which was fancied to have arms like the branches of a tree:

In Gaditano Oceano arbor in tantum vastis dispansa armis, ut fretum numquam intrāsse credatur,

Plin. 9, 4, 3, § 8.

Arbor infelix, a town and castle in Rhœtia, now Arbon, Tab. Peut.

cancer, cri ( gen. canceris, Lucr. 5, 616; Arn. 1, p. 30; acc. plur. canceres, Cato, R. R. 157, 3), m. ( neutr. Claudius, Quadrig. ap. Prisc. p. 697 P.; Scrib. Comp. 206 and 240) [cf. karkinos; root kar-, to be hard; whence karuon, cornu], a crab, a river-crab, sea-crab.

Lit., Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 97 sq.; 19, 10, 58, § 180; Pall. 1, 35, 7; Ov. M. 15, 369; Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 45; Verg. G. 4, 48; Col. 9, 5, 6:

cancer femina,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 134; Pall. 1, 35, 7.—

Meton., hands that cling fast like the claws of crabs:

Orci cancri,

App. M. 6, p. 176, 26.—

As nom. propr., the Crab, the sign of the zodiac in which the sun is found at the time of the summer solstice, Lucr. 5, 616; Ov. M. 2, 83; 10, 127; id. F. 6, 727; Cic. N. D. 2, 43, 110; Luc. 10, 259; cf. Hyg. Astr. 2, 23; Macr. S. 1, 17 fin.; acc. to the fable, as an animal hostile to Hercules in the contest with the Lernœan hydra; cf. Hyg. l. l. Hence, Lernaeus, Col. 10, 313.—

Poet. for the region of the south, the south, Ov. M. 4, 625.—

To designate great or violent heat, Ov. M. 10, 127.—

In medicine, a crawling, eating, suppurating ulcer, malignant tumor, a cancer, Cels. 5, 26, 31; 6, 18, 3:

malum immedicabile cancer,

Ov. M. 2, 825; Cato, R. R. 157, 3; Claud. Quadrig. ap. Prisc. p. 697 P

cancer, cri, m. [root kar-, to bend, twist; whence corona, circus], a lattice, the radical form of cancelli, q. v., Paul. ex Fest. p. 46; cf.:

inter Orci cancros,

App. M. 6, p. 176, 25.

căvĕa, ae, f. ( gen. caveāï, Lucr. 4, 78) [cavus]. an excavated place, a hollow, cavity.

In gen., Plin. 11, 2, 2, § 3.—Hence,

Esp.

An enclosure for animals (cf. caulae), a stall, cage, den, coop, beehive, bird-cage, and the like, Lucr. 6, 198; 3, 684; Hor. A. P. 473; Mart. 9, 58, 10; 9, 89, 4; Suet. Calig. 27; id. Ner. 29 al.—Of a birdcage, Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 67; id. Curc. 3, 1, 79; cf. id. Capt. 1, 2, 15; Cic. Div. 2, 35, 73; id. N. D. 2, 3, 7; Mart. 14, 77.—Of a beehive, Verg. G. 4, 58; Col. 9, 7, 4; 9, 15, 7; 9, 15, 9.— Hence,

An enclosure about a young tree, in order to protect it from injury, Col. 5, 6, 21; 5, 9, 11; Pall. Febr. 10, 5; a hedge before the windows of a cage, Col. 8, 8, 4.—

In the human body.

The roof of the mouth, Prud. Cath. 2, 92.—

The sockets of the eyes, Lact. Mort. Pers. 40, 5.—

The part of the theatre in which spectators sat, spectators ' seats or benches, Plaut. Am. prol. 66; Cic. Lael. 7, 24; Lucr. 4, 78; Verg. A. 5, 340; 8, 636; on account of the ascending rows of benches, ima or prima, the seat of the nobility, media and summa or ultima, the seat of the lower classes, Cic. Sen. 14, 48; Suet. Aug. 44; id. Claud. 21; Sen. Tranq. 11:

CAV. II.,

Inscr. Orell. 2539; cf. Dict. of Antiq.—

Meton.

(Pars pro toto.) The theatre in gen., Plaut. Truc. 5, 1. 39; Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 38.—

The spectators, Stat. Th. 1, 423.